1 1561-4107 Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences 5038 Pharmacology Effect of Lavender Inhalation on Pain Intensity during Insertion of Vascular Needles in Hemodialysis Patients Ghods Aliasghar Abfroosh Neda Ghorbani Raheb Asgari Mohammadreza 1 10 2014 16 10 7 14 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients undergoing hemodialysis are exposed to pain due to the needle insertion to access the blood circulation in their each reference. Since hemodialysis is essential to survive, it is necessary to pay more attention to the patients, especially in their pain management. Today, the therapeutic methods of complementary medicine such as aromatherapy have a wide range of clinical application to control the pain. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of inhalation of Lavender on pain intensity during the insertion of vascular needles in the body of hemodialysis patients.  METHODS: This study was a clinical trial which conducted on 34 hemodialysis patients in Dialysis Ward in a hospital in Semnan University of Medical Sciences. In this study, pain intensity during arterial needle insertion near the arteriovenous fistula in all samples was measured and compared by following the routine care method for once and once again following inhalation of Lavender method. Pain intensity was measured by numeric rating scale (IRCT:201303076342N3). FINDINGS: The mean of pain intensity resulted from the insertion of arterial needle was 4/59±2/02 in following routine method and 2/53±1/48 in following inhalation of Lavender. Statistical test showed a significant difference between mean pain intensity in two methods (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed that inhalation of Lavender was effective in reducing the pain intensity during insertion of vascular needles. Therefore, it is recommended to use Lavender for reducing the pain of these patients before the insertion of hemodialysis vascular needles.
4713 Pharmacology Xerostomia in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis Babaee Neda Sales Majid Ghazimirsaeed Ali Mohammad Moghadamnia Ali Akbar 1 10 2014 16 10 15 22 21 04 2014 15 07 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic renal failure may affect the oral cavity because of the variety of metabolic and pathophysiologic changes. The aim of this study was to compare the xerostomia  in  unstimulated and pilocarpine-stimulated whole saliva of hemodialysis patients with the control group. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 hemodialysis patients aged range of 35 to 65 and 30 healthy volunteers as control group. Patients’ individual data such as age, sex and duration of hemodialysis and their complaining of xerostomia, taste change and malodor were recorded. The xerostomia status of patients was evaluated by filling out the standard questionnaires. To determine the salivary changes unstimulated and pilocarpine-stimulated whole saliva was collected from both the patient and the control groups.. FINDINGS: Complaining of xerostomia was the most common oral manifestations among the patients. Dry mouth , taste change and malodor were recorded in 19 (63.3%), 14 (46.7%) and 14 (46.7%) of the patients, respectively. The unstimulated whole saliva was significantly lower in hemodialysis patients compared toin the  control group (p<0.05). In addition, stimulated whole saliva was significantly lower in patients underwent hemodialysis (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that the decrease of unstimulated and pilocarpine-stimulated whole saliva in hemodialysis patients compared to the control group may cause xerostomia in these patients. 5039 Pharmacology Association between Dietary Fructose and Lipid Profile in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Youshari Neda Ebrahimi-Mameghani Mehrangiz Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad Youshari Navide 1 10 2014 16 10 23 30 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Regarding the role of fructose in the synthesis of triglycerides, numerous studies have examined the association between fructose-containing artificial sweeteners and some chronic diseases. However, the studies which evaluated the role of fructose derived from natural sources with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were rare. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the relationship between dietary fructose intake and lipid profile in NAFLD patients. METHODS: This case - control study was conducted on 57 patients with NAFLD (confirmed by ultrasonography and with high level of liver enzymes) and 57 homogenized healthy subjects in terms of age, sex and body mass index in Sheykh-ol-rais clinic in Tabriz. Food frequency questionnaires of 97 food items and 3-day food record were used to assess the consumption of fructose and sucrose. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-C levels were measured and LDL-C was estimated, too. FINDINGS: The frequency of weekly fruit consumption and total fructose from energy intake was significantly higher in NAFLD patients than the control group (respectively 75.5 versus 63.4 times per week and p=0.004 and 1.5 vs. 1.2 and p=0.045) whereas no significant differences were found in the amount of daily fructose intake. NAFLD patients had higher serum triglycerides (161.22 vs. 131.12 mg/dl and p=0.015) and lower HDL-C levels (47.41 vs. 51.40 mg/dl and p=0.034) than healthy subjects. There was no significant relationship between fructose consumption and the weekly frequency of fructose-rich food consumption groups with serum triglyceride level in each group. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that fructose derived from natural sources had no effect on serum triglyceride level and consequently on pathogenesis of NAFLD. 5041 Pharmacology Antinociceptive Effect of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Biophytum Sensivitum Leaf on Adult Male Rat Mahmoodi Minoo Mohammadi Saeed Yavari Afagh 1 10 2014 16 10 31 37 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Medicinal plants as the rich source of efficient compounds are largely used worldwide especially to treat pain and inflammatory processes by the population in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Biophytum sensivitum leaf on male rats. METHODS: In this study, 42 adult male rats were divided into 7 groups: Control, groups treated with the extract (80, 100 and 300mg/kg, i.p.), Morphine (1mg/kg, i.p.), Aspirin (1mg/kg, i.p.), and Naloxone (1mg/kg, i.p.) with a dose of 300mg/kg. The analgesic effects of extract were assessed with Writhing, Tail-flick and Formalin tests. FINDINGS: Hydro-alcoholic extract of Biophytum sensivitum leaf at dose of 300mg/kg clearly indicated the antinociceptive effect in Writhing (with 30 decrease), tail-flick (3/9 seconds increase) with p<0.01 and chronic phase of formalin (decrease of pain score from 2 to 0/6) (p<0.001) tests. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the morphine and receiving extract (300mg/kg) groups in the chronic phase of formalin. In addition, LD50 of plant extract was 3400mg/kg. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that the hydro-alcoholic extract of Biophytum sensivitum leaf had the antinociceptive effects on both acute and chronic pains. 5042 Pharmacology Effect of Rosemary Extract against the Toxicity of Kainic Acid in Rats Naderali Elahe Rasolijazi Homa Nikbakht Farnaz Soleimani Mansore Nobakht Malihe 1 10 2014 16 10 38 44 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic neurodegenerative process of epilepsy occurs in the brain. Antioxidants may reduce the neurodegenerative process. METHODS: In the present study, the male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 gr. (n= 34) were randomly divided into five groups: 1- control group A contains 5 intact animals, 2- control group B contains 5 rats which received the solvents of rosemary extracts (RE) and Kainic Acid (KA) 3-  RE group contains 10 animals received daily,100 mg/kg  RE dissolved in distilled water and administered by gavage 4-  lesion group contains 7 rats received intraperitoneally a single dose of 9.5 mg/kg of KA and treatment group contains 7 animals received KA and RE.  The seizure signs of the rats were observed and recorded for 2-3 h after injection of KA and compared them between lesion and treatment groups. Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry was used for detection of apoptosis in hippocampus. FINDINGS:. The results of this study showed that the administration of RE in rats with epilepsy caused by KA may reduce significantly (p<0.01) the seizures behaviors scores (4/29± 0/47 in lesion group and 2/14± 0/34 in treatment group). The occurrence of apoptosis was observed in the CA1 region of hippocampus by using caspase 3 staining. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the RE could have antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects against the toxicity induced by KA. 5043 Pharmacology Effect of Spinal Gap Junctions in Reduction or Increase of Inflammatory Rat Paw Edema in Presence and Absence of Morphine Usual and Ultra-low Dose Kamalpour Marjan Fereidoni Masood Moghimi Ali 1 10 2014 16 10 45 51 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gap Junctions (G.J) which provide the conduit for cations, second messengers and small metabolites translocation between the neighbor cells are identified in the central nervous system like as spinal cord. As the carbenoxolone is the most frequent blockers of G.J, this study was to investigate the importance of G.J at the level of spinal cord in inflammatory edema induced by formalin merely and at the presence of normal and ultra-low dose of morphine. METHODS: In this experimental study, 49 male Wistar rats (180-200g) except control group were divided into 7 groups. First, animals were anesthetized and the center of atlas-occipital membrane was undergone surgery to create a small hole for the passage of polyethylene tube.  After recovery from cannulation surgery, they were classified in three categories 1) intraperitoneal (i.p) saline, 2) normal dose of morphine (10mg/kg, i.p) 3) ultra-low dose of morphine (1µg/kg, i.p) for intrathecal administration (i.t). Each category was grouped in two groups of seven each (n=7) and one group received saline (i.t) and the second one received carbenoxolone (1nM, i.t). Inflammatory edema volume due to the sub plantar injection of formalin (0.05 ml, 2.5%) was assessed in all groups by using plethysmometric method one hour after administration. FINDINGS: I.t injection of carbenoxolone reduced the inflammatory edema induced formalin (260±7.24) (p<0.001), also in one hand, potentiated the anti-inflammatory effects of morphine usual dose (220±20.12) (p<0.001) and on the other hand, alleviated and reversed the pro-inflammatory effects of morphine ultra-low dose (250±19.57) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the G.J had an important role in the inflammatory process probably with facilitating the release of inflammatory factors from spinal glia cells. Therefore, G.J blockage possibly diminished the translocation and release of inflammatory mediators through the spinal cord and then leaded to alleviate the inflammatory edema progression and changed the anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory effects of morphine. 5044 Pharmacology Studying the Cadmium Removability from Aqueous Solutions Using Raw Husk Rice, Bran and Rice Husk Silica Mehdinia Seyed Mahmood Moeinian Khalilollah Rastgoo Tayebe 1 10 2014 16 10 52 58 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lately, extensive attention has been devoted to the study of heavy metals removal from water and wastewater by the adsorbents resulted from agricultural wastes. The aim of this study was to investigate the removability of cadmium (Cd) from aqueous solutions using raw rice husk, rice bran and Silica from rice husk in different conditions. METHODS: In this experimental research, the adsorption of cadmium using three adsorbents (raw rice husk, rice bran and rice husk silica) carried out in bath reactors. Raw rice husk and rice bran were collected from north of Iran. Rice husk silica was prepared in a furnace at 800 ºC for four hours, after acid leaching. The efficiency of the adsorbents was studied in four different statuses: different values of pH (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), different concentrations of cadmium (1, 5, 10 and 15), different dosages of adsorbents (0/5, 1 and 1/5) and different contact times (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90). The standard method of atomic adsorption was used to measure the concentration of cadmium. FINDINGS: The maximum removal efficiency of cadmium was obtained by rice bran up to 96.8% at 5 mg/l initial concentration of Cd, 90 min of contact time and adsorbents dosage of 1.0 g/l. However, at the same condition, the maximum removal efficiency of cadmium by raw rice husk and rice husk silica was 69.3% and 74.7%, respectively. Moreover, this study showed that there was a significant relationship between the increase of the contact times and removal efficiency of Cd in aquatic environments by three adsorbents (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Rice husk and the adsorbents derived from it could be considered as effective and inexpensive adsorbents for removal of cadmium. 5045 Pharmacology Effect of Education on Nutritional Behavior and Hot Flashes in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women Mirghafourvand Mozhgan Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi sekineh Asghari Mehrnaz Malakouti Jamileh Nedjat Saharnaz Mohammadi Azam 1 10 2014 16 10 59 67 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nutrition is considered as an effective factor in reducing the problems associated with menopause. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutritional education on nutritional behavior and the number of hot flashes in perimenopausal and menopausal women. METHODS: This trial was conducted on 54 healthy married perimenopausal and menopausal women aged 45-60 years in Kaleybar city, Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups using randomized blocking method. The experimental group received three sessions of 45 to 60-minute lecture weekly about nutrition and the control group received no intervention. Nutritional behavior and the number of hot flashes were recorded and investigated at baseline (before intervention), 8 and 12 weeks after intervention using nutritional subscale of HPLP-П questionnaire and a checklist, respectively (IRCT:2012111210324N6). FINDINGS: 27 participants (100%) of intervention group and 26 (96.3%) cases of control group completed the study. At baseline, mean±SD of nutritional behavior score was 14.7±3.4 in the intervention and 14.8±13.8 in the control group from attainable score of 10-40 and the difference between two groups was not significant (p=0.910). With adjusting the baseline nutritional behavior score, the score in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in control group at the end of both 8th week [(mean difference: 7.7, 95% confidence interval: 6.4 to 9.0), p<0.001] and 12th week [(8.9, 7.4 to 10.3), p>0.001]. Also, after adjusting the baseline number of hot flashes, there was significant difference between two groups (control and intervention ) in terms of hot flashes in both 8 weeks [(-1.0, -1.5 to -0.4), p<0.001] and 12 weeks after intervention [(-2.3, -3.1 to -1.5), p<0.001]. CONCLUSION: The results showed that nutritional education improved nutritional behavior and reduced hot flashes in perimenopausal and menopausal women. 5046 Pharmacology Effect of a Walking Program on Metabolic Syndrome Indexes in Non-athlete Menopausal Women during 8 Weeks Salesi Mohsen Rabiee Seyed Zoheir Shikhani-Shahin Homa Sadegipour Hamidreza 1 10 2014 16 10 68 74 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome is the grouping of interrelated metabolic risk factors in individuals. Metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of developing type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Since physical activity decreases the cardiovascular diseases, this study aimed at investigating the effect of eight-week walking program on metabolic syndrome indexes in non-athlete menopausal women. METHODS: This study was conducted on 32 healthy menopause 50-55-year-old women without any specific disorder. The subjects were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Waist circumference, Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR), CRP, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, glucose and blood pressure were measured before exercise. Control group did their habitual activities without doing any exercise. The experimental group started to do exercise consisted of 30 minutes walking with %60- %75 of maximum heart rate, 3 sessions a week for 8 weeks. Two groups were evaluated using the same pretest parameters after 8 weeks and the data were compared. FINDINGS: So, there were significant decreases of serum TG (133.3±48.7 mlg/dl), TC (207.5±28.9), LDL-c (138.8±32.3), glucose (78.8±3.9), waist circumference (87.5±8.3 cm) and the increase of HDL-c (53.7±10.5) in experimental group, while there were no significant differences in control group. TC (experimental group 207.5±28.9 control group 244.1±40.5) and systolic blood pressure (experimental group 123.6±8.4 control group 131.8±7.2) in post-test were significantly improved in experimental group as compared with control group. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that a regular physical activity program like walking could improve the metabolic syndrome indexes in menopausal women. It seems that this type of exercise can be an efficient, safe and inexpensive way to reduce and prevent the metabolic syndrome. 5047 Pharmacology Seroepidemiology of Measles and Rubella among Medical Sciences Students of Babol University in 2012 Abdollahpour Seyed Mohammad Yahyapour Yousef Dargahi Saeedeh Tashakori Fazilat Alinejad sedigheh Hajiahmadi Mahmood 1 10 2014 16 10 75 80 22 09 2014 22 09 2014 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Measles and rubella are included vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Despite vaccination coverage, there is the possibility of sporadic cases and mortality, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of antibodies to measles and rubella among medical students. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 236 students who were randomly selected in 2012. After filling out a questionnaire containing demographic information and medical records, 5 cc venous blood was collected from each individual and IgG antibody against measles and rubella were tested by using ELISA. FINDINGS: The mean age of 236 students was 22.12±3.35. 81 cases (34.3%) were male and 155 students (65.7%) were female, 169 (71.6%) and 67 students (28.4%) were native of Mazandaran province and non-native, respectively. Rate of IgG antibody levels against measles in 123 students (52.11%), 40 cases (16.94%) and 73 students (30.93%) were positive, suspected and negative, respectively. This ratio for Rubella were identified in 233 (98.72%), 1 (0.42%) and 2 (0.84%) students, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the immunity level against rubella was acceptable, but it seems that the immunity level against measles is not enough to prevent sporadic and small outbreaks of measles. It is recommended that the serological status of measles should be evaluated for preventive measures.