1 1561-4107 Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences 4941 Biochemical The Effect of Organophosphate Pesticides on Fertility Gholamitabar Tabari (MSc) M. Jorsaraei (PhD) S.G.A. 1 3 2014 16 3 7 14 06 03 2013 10 07 2013  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Organophosphates are designed to eliminate weeds, rodents, and harmful organisms and to repel insects and fungi. The greatest impact of organophosphates is on the immune system and reproductive organ. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of organophosphates on fertility. METHODS: In this study, the articles on organophosphate pesticides and their adverse effects on body tissues and organs, such as reproductive system and different articles about agricultural pesticides and infertility were extracted from NCBI database. The studies conducted about the effect of organophosphate pesticides on the quality of sperm and ovum, greenhouse role of pesticides, and their effect were used. FINDINGS: Genetic toxicity, endocrinology disorder, and immune toxicities are the long-term signs and symptoms of organophosphates which depend on the type and amount of contact with them. Skin reaction, respiratory system stimulation, allergic responses, and neural problems are some of their complications. Biochemical process and material transfer in cells may be disturbed in contact with it. There is also testicular tissue damage, ovarian failure, and hormonal disorder associated with a variety of pesticides. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the potential harmful impacts of pesticides on fertility and finally on pregnancy must increase among the people who considering their job, are in contact with these pesticides. Consulting them will also help them minimize their contact with these pesticides
4942 Biochemical The Implementation of Family Physician Program in I.R. Iran: Achievements and Challenges Nasrollahpour Shirvani (PhD) S.D. 1 3 2014 16 3 15 26 03 01 2014 30 01 2014  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Health care systems are constantly reforming in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness, equity, and public access to health care services. Family physicians and rural health insurance program performed in 2005 with the following objectives: strengthening the referral system, increasing access to health care services and reducing unnecessary costs in all urban and rural areas with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants in Iran. This study was designed to recognize the achievements and challenges of the implementation of family physicians programs. METHODS: The present review article was conducted using the databases: Pub Med, Google scholar, Google, SID, Iranmedex, Magiran with Keywords such as family physicians, rural insurance, health center, health systems, health services, family physician satisfaction and patient satisfaction that 68 articles related to the objective of study were extracted and assessed. FINDINGS: The related studies in Iran showed that health indices, further access to health services, reduction of unnecessary costs, and patient satisfaction have been improved by implementing the family physician program. But in spite of mentioned successes, there are some problems in referral system, filing and registration of diagnostic and treatment services and practice in culture in society that should be promoted.  CONCLUSION: This study showed that some of the goals of this program were achieved and to reach the other goals need interventions at the national and regional levels.    4944 Biochemical Molecular Mechanism of Hearing and Different Types of Genetic Hearing Loss in Iran Mahdieh (PhD) N. Rabbani (PhD) B. 1 3 2014 16 3 27 38 05 03 2013 10 07 2013  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hearing impairment is the most common sensory defect in human beings this highly heterogeneous disorder affecting 1 in 1000 among general population that half of them is due to genetic agents. Albeit, this frequency in Iran is higher than other countries and it needs to pay more attention to this condition. Ear acts as a connector between human and environment hearing process is composed of a series of complex events thorough the ear so that sound waves lead to physical vibrations in inner ear producing electrical signals. This signal is processed within the hearing regions in two sides of the brain. Sensorineural hearing loss (HL) is classified into acquired HL, genetic HL and deafness of unknown origin. If other than deafness, other problems occur in affected individuals, HL is belonged to syndromic form of deafness while in many cases, hearing loss occurs without any other problems.  METHODS: In this study, mechanisms of hearing, various types of hearing loss and genetics studies in Iran in comparison with other population of the world are investigated and reviewed.  FINDINGS: GJB2 mutations are the most common cause of autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) in most populations and even up to 50% of ARNSHL in some cohorts is due to these mutations. GJB2 mutation frequency is 14-17% among Iranian populations. More than 90% of genetics studies of HL have been performed on GJB2 mutations. However, there are some reports about other loci involving in HL. CONCLUSION: Mutations in more than ten genes lead to ARNSHL in our country that GJB2 has more important role than other genes. It showed GJB2 connexin 26 in Iran 4945 Biochemical Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs Heidari (MD) B. Yousef Ghahari (MD) B. 1 3 2014 16 3 39 46 09 03 2013 10 07 2013  ABSTRACT Osteoarthritis is a common disease and a significant cause of disability in the elderly. Available treatment does not affect the course of osteoarthritis but exerts only a symptomatic effect on pain. Recently many drugs have been introduced with the aim of chondroprotection. Among them glucosamine and chondroitin are the most common drugs which have been used in several studies. Nevertheless, the results vary across various studies. While a chondroprotective effect has been observed in some studies, in a number of studies the effects of glucosamine or chondroitin alone or in combination did not differ with placebo. Different drugs dosages, duration of treatment, and treatment outcomes and study designs have been considered the most important confounders affecting the results of various studies as well as for explanation of the contradictory results. In addition, in a number of studies, drugs such as diacerein, anti-osteoporotic medications, soya bean, and tetracycline have shown chondroprotective potentials in osteoarthritis. This review by comparing the results of available studies provides a rational for prescription of these drugs in osteoarthritis.  4946 Biochemical Different Aspects and Results of Modern Studies of Urtica Dioica: A Review Babashpour-Asl (PhD) M. Baleghi (BSc) M. Sajadi (MSc) P. Golalipour (PhD) M.J. 1 3 2014 16 3 47 54 23 02 2013 10 07 2013  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Urtica dioica L. (stinging nettle) is member of the Urticaceae family. This plant has been used for food and medicine for centuries. Nettle leaf has a long tradition of use as an adjuvant remedy in the treatment of arthritis. Nettle leaf has traditionally been used for numerous other conditions, although confirmatory clinical trials have not been conducted. Gout, hair loss, and mild bleeding are some of the traditional indications for nettle leaf. Stinging nettle seems to have a lot of medical uses, but the nettle root is known to be a diuretic and to give relief from prostate problems. The present review has considered different aspects and the results of modern studies about this medicinal plant. METHODS: In this paper, using online databases Iranmedex.com, Sid.ir, PubMed.gov and Sciencedirect.com, articles on various aspects of medicinal plant stinging nettle was proposed up to 2011, with using keywords: Urtica dioica L., therapeutic effect and medicinal plant were studied. FINDINGS: The findings suggest that relatively extensive researches have been made in recent decades on the pharmacological effects of stinging nettles, particularly the effects on diabetes. CONCLUSION: This plant is used internally and externally as supportive therapy for prostatic hyperplasia, inflammation, rheumatoid, arthritis, hypertension, diabetes and allergic rhinitis. However, there are conflicting reports about the effect of sting nettle on lowering blood glucose. Therefore, to determine the exact mechanism of action and side effects of this medicinal plant in the treatment of diabetes, further studies are needed.    4947 Biochemical The Roles of Cytokines in Pre-Term Delivery Kamiab (BSc) F. Tadaion (MSc) M. Afshari (MSc) P. Kazemi Arababadi (PhD) M. 1 3 2014 16 3 55 64 23 02 2013 10 07 2013  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Maternal immune responses are the important factors for a successful pregnancy. The normal pregnancy will be affected if the maternal immune responses are changed. Cytokines are the main immunological agents which display either elevated or declined immune responses. Therefore, assessment of cytokine pattern can be helpful for clarifying the main mechanisms of preterm delivery. Therefore, the main of this review article was to collect recent information regarding inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns in preterm delivery.  METHODS: In order to perform this study and found the recent data, the key words including cytokines, delivery, preterm delivery and inflammation was searched using the common motor searches (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iranmedex and Magiran). FINDINGS: The results of this study showed that the mothers with preterm delivery and their neonates have suffered from a chronic inflammation and both IL-6 and IL-10 are the main involved cytokine in preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the collected data it seems that increased IL-6 and decreased IL-10 can be considered as important factors in inducing preterm delivery.  4948 Biochemical Orthopedic (Osteoarticular) Manifestations of Brucellosis Janmohammadi (MD) N. Hasanjani Roushan (MD) M.R. 1 3 2014 16 3 65 74 27 01 2013 01 05 2013  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Brucellosis such as tuberculosis is a multisystem chronic inflammatory and infectious granulomatous disease with various and deceptive manifestations that involves bone, joint and related structures. Orthopedic (osteoarticular) manifestations are the most common and various localized forms of brucellosis which were discussed in this study. METHODS: For preparation of this manuscript by using Mesh keywords about osteoarticular manifestations of tuberculosis, 107 papers published in Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed and Elsevier during 1974-2013 and textbooks of Campbell's operative orthopedics, Tachdjian's pediatric orthopedics, Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases and Feigin and Cherry Pediatric infectious Diseases were used. FINDINGS: The axial skeleton (vertebrae) is the most common site of involvement with a frequency ranging from 2% to 53%. Half of patients suffering from brucellosis manifest with back pain. Spondylitis or osteomylitis of vertebra with frequency of 2 to 60% due to causing neurological complication is the dangerous form of brucellosis and the spondylodiscitis is the rigorous one because of the possibility of neurological deficit and death. In the extremities, brucellosis presents as enthesopathy, myalgia, bursitis, myositis, arthralgia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, tendonitis and tenosynovitis. Brucellosis may involve artificial knee and hip joints. Brucellar arthritis and osteomyelitis concomitant with extra articular metallic devices were also reported. CONCLUSION: Brucellosis manifests with various musculoskeletal (orthopedics) manifestations. In confronting patients with musculoskeletal malaise sustaining a high index of suspicion is essential particularly in risk individuals and in patients living in endemic areas for early diagnosis and to prevent mistake and its unpleasant outcomes. Diagnosis of osteoarticular brucellosis is based on clinical findings, and various diagnostic measures. Diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these patients necessitates friendly cooperation between orthopedist, neurosurgeon and infectious diseases specialist.    4949 Biochemical Risk Factors for Falling among Hospital Inpatients Valizadeh (PhD) L. Zabihi (MSc) A. 1 3 2014 16 3 75 84 26 02 2013 10 07 2013  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patient fallis one of the prevalent events in the hospitals and is a complex challenge that hospitals face continuously. The aim of this study was integrative review about falling among hospital inpatients. METHODS: Iranian electronic databases comprised of scientific information Database (SID), Iranian Newspapers and magazines database (Magiran) and medical Articles Database of Iran (IranMedex) with keywords of fall, inpatient, hospital. We also used foreign electronic databases comprised Google, Google Scholar, Elsevier with keywords of fall, injury, inpatient, hospital and fall risk. From 1325 citations during two stage application based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, title and abstract in the first stage and full text in the second stage were assessed and finally 30 full text articles were included in the review. The studies from 2006 to 2013 were assessed and only two studies were done in our country. FINDINGS: The most studies were descriptive and retrospective. The number of experimental and quasi experimental studies was limited to about one and seven studies were review. Tools for data collection in most studies were questionnaires, medical and nursing records and fall risk assessment tools. Most studies focused on falling among old hospital inpatients and emphasized on fall risk factors and its prevention. Risk factors of falling among hospital inpatients contain personal factors and external factors (unsafe environment of hospital).  CONCLUSION: Since patient fall is the most common events in the hospitals and there are little studies in this filed in our country, so we recommend doing the research in this field to identify high risk patients and with a suitable prevention programme reduce fall rate in the hospitals.     4950 Biochemical The Effects of Parenteral Fish Oil Administration in ICU Patients Sharifi (MSc) E. Saraf-Bank (MSc) S. Azadbakht (PhD) L. 1 3 2014 16 3 85 94 30 01 2013 10 07 2013  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition is a prevalent problem among ICU patients. After 3-4 days of hospitalization, many patients enter in a negative energy balance. Early nutritional support is an effective way to improve clinical outcomes in these patients. The type of fat emulsion in parentral nutrition is effective on immune system function. There are several evidences emphasized on the beneficial effects of fish oil based lipid emulsions. Regarding to parenteral nutrition importance and the type of lipid emulsion, the aim of this study was to review the effects of omega 3 administration among ICU patients. METHODS: We searched key words including omega 3, fish oil, and parenteral nutrition in PubMed search engine. 354 papers were obtained. After limiting to title/abstract and human studies, finally 66 papers about sepsis, trauma and surgery was selected. FINDINGS: Fish oil consumption change the Arachidonic acid metabolism. Most studies conducted on septic and operated patients declared that fish oil consumption can improve clinical outcomes and reduced the inflammatory markers. Furthermore several studies confirmed the beneficial effects of fish oil consumption on length of hospital stay and antibiotic requirement in multiple trauma or head injured patients. CONCLUSION: It seems that fish oil administration in ICU patients is associated with reduction in inflammatory levels, shorter hospitalization period and improvement of other clinical outcomes contributed to inflammation.    4967 Histology The Sources of Microbial Contamination of Stem Cells for Application in Cell Therapy Niknejad H. Asi Tehrani F. Peirovi H. Abolghasemi H. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 1 3 2014 16 3 95 105 28 01 2013 10 07 2013 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Progress in medical sciences and technologies has made stem cells as a promising source of cell therapy of diseases. Many of researchers have focused on finding the optimum conditions for stem cell culture, to employ stem cells in cell therapy. Due to the capability of self-renewal and pluripotency, stem cells can give rise to progeny that either proliferate in an undifferentiated state or commit to a broad range of differentiated lineages, important for reconstruction of surrounding tissues. The adjacent microenvironment known as niche provides a complex molecular milieu that regulates the properties of stem cells in vivo. The main sources of stem cells contaminations will be discussed in this review. METHODS: The present study is a literature search in PubMed, Science direct and Google scholar with the use of stem cells, microbial contamination and cell therapy as keywords. The results of animal and human studies published until 2012 in this field were considered. FINDINGS: The main sources of stem cells contaminations include stem cell donor, feeder layer, animal sera, cell lines and environmental elements. Stem cells donors screening test, omission of feeder layer, application of serum replacements such as human serum albumin and optimization of cell culture conditions are some solutions to prevent stem cells contamination. CONCLUSION: To maintain stem cells properties in vitro, it is necessary to simulate the niche in the cell culture which contains inevitably animal and human products, might be resulted in contamination of stem cells. These cells can carry the potential to induce xenogenic microchimerism in recipients or disease transmission through contamination with bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents.