@article{ author = {Nasiri, E and Noori, MH and Dehpour, AR and Barbarestani, M and AmirZargar, AK and Akbari, M and PourGhasem, M}, title = {Effect of obstructive cholestasis on sex axis in the adult male rats}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Obstructive cholestasis is associated with overproduction of some materials such as endogenous opioids (EOP) and nitric oxide (NO) in the blood streams. Physiology of sex axis hormones could be affected by some of these changes. This study was done to investigate the relationship between obstructive cholestasis and sex axis in adult male rats. Methods: To study the topic, three groups of animals were used: No-surgery, sham-surgery, and surgical ligation of the bile duct. After 3 weeks, all animals were killed by ether. Serum concentration levels of inhibin B, FSH and LH were determined by ELISA and RIA, respectively. Findings: The level of inhibin B was significantly higher in cholestasis than control and sham, and serum FSH and LH were significantly higher in control and sham than cholestasis (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that obstructive cholestasis decreased the levels of serum gonadotropins but in did not damage testicular functions.}, Keywords = {Obstructive cholestasis, FSH, LH, Inhibin B}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {7-10}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2743-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2743-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Farzin, D and Zavareh, M}, title = {Effect of Dextromethorphan on the neuromuscular transmission of the chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Dextromethorphan is a well-known over-the-counter antitussive drug with over 45 years of clinical usage experience. Its toxicity is low, but extremely high doses may produce muscle or CNS depression, drowsiness and gastrointestinal upset. In the present study, the effect of dextromethorphan on the neuromuscular transmission of isolated chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation was examined. Methods: This isolated chick (About 3 weeks old) biventer cervicis muscle was put in the organ bath. The organ bath had a vessel with volume of about 70ml, it contained tyrode solution aerated with oxygen and was kept at 37°C. The nerve supplying the twitch-fibers was located in the tendon against which the electrodes were placed. It was stimulated usually at a frequency of 0.1 HZ, duration of 0.5 msec. and voltage of 5-10 volt and twitch response was recorded by a polygraph apparatus after transferring through a transducer. Findings: Dextromethorphan in the range of 2.5 to 5.4 µM has an inhibitory effect on the twitch response to indirect electrical stimuli and contracture of exogenous acetylcholine. The inhibitory effect of dextromethorphan was not antagonized by physostigmine or 4-aminopyridin. Potentiation to twitch response due to 10 fold greater duration of the stimuli was decreased by dextromethorphan. Both tetanosis and facilitating after tetanosis were inhibited in the presence of dextromethorphan. Twitch response to the direct electrical stimuli was inhibited by dextromethorphan. Caffeine significantly antagonized the inhibitory effect of dextromethorphan on the twitch response to indirect electrical stimuli. Dose-response curves of acetylcholine and carbachol in the presence of dextromethorphan shifted to right with a decrease in the efficacy. Conclusion: These results suggested that the inhibitory effect of dextromethorphan on the neuromuscular transmission of the chick biventer cervicis muscle is mediated through blockade of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channels.}, Keywords = {Chick biventer cervicis muscle, Dextromethorphan, Caffeine}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {11-17}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2744-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2744-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Soleimani, GH.R and Noori, NM and Boryrie, T}, title = {Normal range of blood pressure in 7-11 year old children in Zahedan}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Normal blood pressure varies based on age, sex, height and weight, however it is necessary to use standard references of evaluate the values. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of normal blood pressure in 7-11 year old children in Zahedan and compare it with standard references. Methods: After taking legal agreements and important information, this study was performed on 1500 students who were chosen by cluster sampling method from primary schools of Zahedan (750 males and 750 females). One hundred fifty persons were randomly selected from each grade of school. Blood pressure was detected at a relax position with standard cuffs. The measurement was repeated two weeks later and the data was evaluated. It was analyzed by Pearson coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The results showed that mean of height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 7 year old boys were 116cm, 19.5kg, 99.5 and 68.5 mmHg and in girls were 117cm, 19kg, 101 and 70 mmHg, respectively. In 8-year-old boys were 120.6cm, 21.2kg, 100 and 68.8 mmHg and in 8-year-old girls were 12.5cm, 20.2kg, 101.2 and 70.1 mm/Hg, respectively. In 9-year-old boys were 127cm, 23.5kg, 102 and 70.7 mmHg and in 9-year-old girls were 126.5cm, 23.5kg, 102 and 71.5 mmHg, respectively. In 10-year-old boys were 13.6cm, 25.9kg, 102.1 and 70.7 mmHg and in 10-year-old girls were 132.8cm, 26.1kg, 103.5 and 71.6 mmHg, respectively. In 11-year-old boys were 136cm, 28kg, 105.2 and 70.6 mmHg and in 11-year-old girls were 136.6cm, 29.2kg, 106.5 and 72.8 mmHg, respectively. Multiple regression analysis and Pearson coefficient showed that these variables have a direct relation and effect with each other. Conclusion: Results showed that systolic blood pressure is nearly comparable with standard range. While diastolic blood pressure is more than the standard range, and height and weight of children are less than the standard range for each percentile.}, Keywords = {Blood pressure, Systole, Diastole, Children}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {18-21}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2745-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2745-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {EsmaeilZadeh, S and Jorsaraei, GH.A and Farsi, M and HajiAhmadi, M and Rezaei, N}, title = {Effect of age of women on fertility rate in IVF cycles}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The increase of serum level of FSH accompany with increasing age indicated a decrease in ovary response and fertility in ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) cycles. This study was done to evaluate the relationship between age of women and FSH level with the number of oocyte and the rate of fertilized oocyte. Methods: This study was done on 111 infertile couples who were in cycle of IVF in Babol Fatemeh Zahra infertility center during 1996-2001. The number of oocyte, fertilized ovum, serum level of FSH and LH were evaluated. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Findings: The mean age of women was 30.2±6.4 years and mean of the numbers of oocyte and fertilized oocyte was 7.2±4.5 and 2.8±3.1, respectively. The mean of FSH and LH was 9.2±3.92 IU/ml and 10±4.1 IU/ml, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the number of oocytes and fertilized oocyte with the age of women. Fertilization rate was 70.3% and there was not a significant difference in fertilization rate among age groups. Conclusion: According to the results, the age of women can be a predictive factor for ART (IVF) programs.}, Keywords = {Age, Infertility, IVF, Fertilization rate, ART}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {22-26}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2746-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2746-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Heidari, B and SavadKouhi, SH}, title = {Initial clinical feature of hypothyroidism in Iodine deficient area, Babol and Ghaemshahr}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Manifestations of hypothyroidism range is severity from subtle alteration of thyroid functions with no apparent symptoms or nonspecific complications to myxedema coma. So many symptoms of hypothyroidism may be unnoticed or attributed to other disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical presenting features of hypothyroid patients in an iodine deficient area of the north of Iran. Methods: This study was performed on all hypothyroid patients attended in Babol Shahid Beheshti hospital during 1995-2000. Diagnosis of hypothyroidism was based on clinical findings and assessment of serum TSH and T4. Patients with prior diagnosis of thyroid or non-thyroidal diseases were excluded. Data was provided by taking history, clinical examinations and interview. In statistical analysis, the relative frequency of each variables based on sex was determined and compared with X2 test. Findings: 213 patients (177 females, 36 males) with mean ±SD age of 40±14 (About 14-16 years) were studied. Duration of presenting symptoms prior to diagnosis of hypothyroidism was less than one month in 23%, 1-3 months in 22%, 3-12 months in 16% and more than one year in 30%. Hypothyroidism presented with facial and periorbital puffiness and edema in 48%, which was accompanied by feet and hand edema in 7% and 2.3% respectively. Facial edema was more common in men than women (75% vs. 43%, P<0.001), goiter and neck discomfort in 18%, musculoskeletal symptoms such as joint and muscle pain and stiffness in 10%, hand and fingers paresthesia, characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome in 9%, tiredness and fatigue in 6.5%, menstrual and problems related to pregnancy in 2.3%, hoarse voice in 1%, abdominal distension and pain in 1% and unknown cause in 2.4%. Conclusion: Many cases of hypothyroidism begin with nonspecific symptoms that it is essential for primary care physicians to be aware of them.}, Keywords = {Hypothyroidism, Presentation, Clinical feature}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {27-32}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2747-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2747-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Soleimani, A and Sefidgar, AA and Ramezani, H}, title = {Evaluation of aerobic bacterial normal flora of conjunctiva in healthy persons, Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Conjunctiva is a mucusal surface colonized by a bacterial microflora that seems to be involved in some eye infections such as conjunctivitis, keratitis and endophtalmitis after ocular trauma, surgery or other causal condition. So it is essential to know the normal flora composition. The aim of this study was to know what the normal aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora is. So when the infection occurs, we can choose the antibacterial drugs, before culture and antibiogram. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 135 healthy persons without conjunctivitis who referred to the eye clinic of Shahid Beheshti hospital of Babol during 2001. Swab specimens were collected from both eyes of every case (Without use of tetracaine), and cultured on blood-agar (5%) and then medium and finally diagnostic bacteriologic studies and essential differential tests were performed on them. Findings: Among 135 studied cases, 70 were male and 65 were female. The youngest one was 1 year old and the oldest 70 years. Of 270 swab specimens, growth was in only 27.7% (n=75) of cases. Also, 41% of healthy persons had normal conjunctival aerobic bacteria. The colonization happened to be unilateral in 67% (n=37) and bilateral in 33% (n=19) of cases. Also, among 75 studied colonies, 84% (n=63) was monobacterial and 16% (n=12) was polybacterial. There were 43 positive cultures of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 11 non-pathogenic neisseria, 10 gram-negative bacilli, 7 coagulase-positive staphylococci and 4 positive cultures of gram-positive bacilli. Conclusion: Conjunctival colonization with aerobic bacteria accounts for approximately 50% of healthy people that mostly occur unilateral and consists of predominantly one aerobic bacterial species. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the main components of this flora.}, Keywords = {Conjunctiva, Normal flora, Aerobic bacteria}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {33-36}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2748-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2748-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Amouei, AI}, title = {Determination of quantity and quality of solid wastes produced in the hospitals of Babol Medical University, 2001-02}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Hospital solid wastes are important amount of municipal solid wastes. These materials have pathogenic and hazardous agents that threaten health of patients, staff and other persons. This study was done to determine the quality and quantity of solid wastes in the hospitals of Babol University of medical sciences. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed in three hospitals of Babol town (Shahid Beheshti, Yahyanejad and Amirkola hospitals) that total solid waste and infectious waste amount per bed has been studied as random sampling in one week of any seasons and in three days. Findings: The most amount of hospital solid wastes have been produced in emergency, operation rooms and ICU wards in summer and winter seasons and on Fridays. The mean of total amount of solid wastes per bed in these centers was 778.2±3.6 kg and 2.01kg per day and the mean of infectious wastes amount per bed were 167.4kg and 0.67kg per day, respectively. Mean of weight percent in these wastes included plastic, paper and cardboard, textile, glass, metals, food wastes and other wastes were 25.6%, 16.4%, 15.7%, 2.8%, 1.4%, 22.9% and 15.3%, respectively. Mean density of these materials in these hospitals was 313.2±12.9 kg/m³. Conclusion: With regard to hazards of hospital solid wastes especially infectious wastes, it is necessary these hazardous materials to be managed.}, Keywords = {Hospital, Hospital solid waste, Density}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {37-41}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2749-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2749-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {TirgarTabari, S and ,Hajian, K and SeifollahPourLedari, Z}, title = {Warts disease in scalp, face and extremities in guidance school girls, Babol, 1999-2000}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Wart’s disease is one of the common skin diseases, which is due to human papilloma viruses. The peak incidence is at the age of 12-16. Warts occur commonly on the back of hands and feet. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of wart’s disease in scalp, face hands and feet among school girls in Babol in educational year of 1999-2000. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done with randomly sampling, clinical examination and filled questionnaires in Babol girl guidance schools during 1999-2000. Findings: Out of studied 300 girls, 45 cases (15%) had warts and 76 (25%) had past history of warts disease. The higher frequency was common wart and the commonest sites were hands. The peak incidence of this disease was at the age of 14. Conclusion: Determination of prevalence of wart disease can be effective in improvement of prevention and treatment protocols.}, Keywords = {Wart, Human papilloma virus, Schools}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {42-45}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2750-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2750-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Javadian, M and Basirat, Z and Ebrahimi, H}, title = {Pelvic inflammatory disease, Babol Yahyanejad Hospital, 1995-2000}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Pelvic inflammatory disease is responsible for 5-20% of gynecologic hospital admission. These infections due to their high prevalence and serious complications are considered as a main problem in gynecologic field. This study was done to survey its risk factors and clinical manifestation. Methods: This study was performed on 8114 admitted patients in Shahid Yahyanejad hospital during 1995-2000. 145 pelvic inflammatory diseases were diagnosed. Data was gathered by questionnaires and then surveyed. Findings: Prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease was 1.8%, with high prevalence in 20-29 year old group (37.3%). The most common clinical manifestation was pelvic and abdominal pain and tenderness. The contraceptive method in patient was tubal ligation (27.6%) and withdrawal (26.9%). There was recent curettage in 13.8% and hysterosalpingogram in 11.4%. Conclusion: Prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease in this study was less than other studies, which is related to ethical principles and probably low prevalence of gonorrhea and chlamydia infection. Diagnosis is clinical and depends to rule out other differential diagnosis and delay in treatment due to serious complications. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment in necessary.}, Keywords = {Pelvic inflammatory disease, Pelvic infection, Sexually transmitted disease}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {46-50}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2751-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2751-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {MotalebNejad, M and Naji, G}, title = {Temporomandibular disorders signs and symptoms in the elderly, Tehran Kahrizak Sanatorium, 2000}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Regarding recent medical progress in prevention and treatment of diseases, the mean age is increasing. According to physiologic and pathologic conditions in this age, it seems temporomandibular disorders (TMD) needs more attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms in sanatorium elderly. Methods: This randomized descriptive and analytical study was performed on people over 65 years old living in Kahrizak sanatorium in Tehran. 191 women and 79 men were examined in TMD symptoms and signs. Data were statistically analyzed. Findings: 40.4% of the elderly had at least one symptom and 83.4% at least one sign. Women more than men had at least one symptom. The most prevalent symptom was sound sensation in ear and the most prevalent sign was TMJ sounds. The majority of symptoms and also TMJ sounds and muscle tenderness were more prevalent in women. The prevalence of most symptoms in patients with complete denture was more than those without tooth and denture. All of TMJ signs in patients without tooth and denture were more prevalent than those with complete denture (P=0.000). Conclusion: In this study, the abundance of elderly with signs were more than those with symptoms, probably old people used to hide their symptoms, limit their mandibular movements and also adapt with disorders. The high prevalence of TMD symptoms and signs in women, arising from probable relation between pathogens, female hormones emotional stresses.}, Keywords = {TMD, Elderly, Signs and symptoms, Removable denture}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {51-56}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2752-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2752-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {ZeinalZadeh, M and Javadian, M and Hedayati, F and HajiAhmadi, M}, title = {Oligomenorrhea in Babol high school girls in 2001-02}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Oligomenorrhea in the first years of menarche can be as normal condition, but when is consistent, or when is occurring after several normal menstrual cycles, other underlying disease must be considered. This study was done to determine the relative frequency of oligomenorrhea and other relative factor in Babol city’s high school girls. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was done on 800 high school girls, 14-19 years old group of Babol city in years of 2001-2002. A questionnaire about (Weight, height, menarche age, existence of excess hair, acne ...) has been given to students and the collected data was analyzed by Chi-square test and P<0.05 was considered meaningful. Findings: The mean age in this study was 16.9±2.5. Relative frequency of oligomenorrhea was 25.4% and for normal menstruation was 74.6%. 47.3% of oligomenorrhea group and 24.3% of normal menstruation group has had hirsutism. Family history of oligomenorrhea was 45.8% in oligomenorrhea group in comparison to 32% in normal group. There was a meaningful difference between two groups in all study stages. Conclusion: Oligomenorrhea is relatively common among Babol city’s high school girls. Because hirsutism, acne and other signs of hyperandrogenism were much more common in this group, more evaluation of causative factors of oligomenorrhea and so their related treatments are advised.}, Keywords = {Oligomenorrhea, High school girls, Menarch, Hirsutism, Acne}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-60}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2753-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2753-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Kasaeiyan, AA and Ramaji, AA}, title = {A case report of ureterovaginal fistula in pelvic fused kidneys}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The most common cause of ureterovaginal fistula is pelvic surgery. Approximately 10% of urinary fistulas may involve ureters. It was not found ureterovaginal fistula associated with pelvic fused kidneys in English literature. Fistula repair technique is significant in this case because of kidney position. Case: An 18-year-old female with continuous urinary incontinence five days following cesarean section referred after one month. IVU showed fused pelvic kidney with left hydroureteronephrosis. Cystoscopy and dye test, under anesthesia did not show vesicovaginal fistula. Double-J catheter did not pass into the left ureter. With regard to these findings, ureterovaginal fistula was diagnosed. For repair, mid line lower abdominal incision was made. Repair procedures such as direct ureteroneocystostomy and psoas hitch was difficult because the ureteral length was short and psoas muscle was behind the pelvic fused kidneys but bladder flap was the convenient procedure that we could do in this patient. The patient was dry and IVU became normal fallowing repair. Conclusion: Repair techniques for ureterovaginal fistulas depend on the ureteral length proximal to the fistula such as direct ureteroneocystostomy, psoas muscle hitch and bladder flap. Bladder flap is the convenient procedure in pelvic fused kidneys because of short ureter and kidneys position.}, Keywords = {Ureterovaginal fistula, Pelvic fused kidney, Bladder flap}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {61-63}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2754-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2754-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {MostafaZadeh, A and Eslami, MB and Schloot, N and HanifiMoghaddam, P and Kolb, H}, title = {Detection of antihuman HSP60 antibody in patients with type 1 diabetes}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Type I diabetes is a chronic disorder of pancreas. This disorder occurs as a result of autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta-cells. Long duration before the onset of clinical symptoms, the autoimmune reactions develop. Therefore, a molecular marker to indicate the initiation of immunological reaction is very critical to identify the people at risk and to take appropriate measures. Since Hsp60 is an antigen involved in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes, this investigation was conducted on detecting anti Hsp60 antibody in various immunoglobulin classes and sub-classes. Methods: In this study 49 recently manifested type I diabetes patients (50 normal control subjects, 23 individuals with high and 22 with low risk for type I diabetes, as deduced from islet antibody status) were included. Seventeen recently manifested type I patients and 15 normal control subjects were analyzed twice with a three-month interval. The serum samples of patients and normal subjects were collected and stored at 20°C until measurement time. Total anti human Hsp60 antibody was determined in serum samples by ELISA, positive sera were analyzed for IgG or IgA antibody as well as for IgG1 and IgG4 sub-classes by ELISA. Findings: The mean concentration of total anti Hsp60 antibody in recently manifested patients and normal subjects were 182.8±218.5 and 142.5±146.6 Au/ml, respectively (P>0.05). Anti Hsp60 antibody concentration means in type I diabetes relative at high risk and relatives at low risk were 83.6 and 133.4 Au/ml, respectively. There was a significant difference between these two mean values. However, the difference between these two values and mean concentration of total anti Hsp60 antibody in normal subjects was not significant. Moreover, the mean of antibody levels determined for IgG, IgA, IgG1 and IgG4 to be considered statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the results, there is significant spontaneous humoral immunity to autologous Hsp60 without detectable association to type I diabetes.}, Keywords = {Heat shock protein-60 (HSP60), Type 1 diabetes, Antibody, ELISA}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {7-11}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2755-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2755-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {MoghadamNia, AK and Heidari, B and Pourhadi, M and Baradaran, M}, title = {Comparison of the therapeutic effects of effective material of red pepper and Diclofenac gel in treatment of osteoarthritis}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Capsanthin is a main carotenoid pigment of hot (red) pepper with some therapeutic effects similar to capsaicin. This study was done to determine its effect as an ointment contained capsanthin and comparison of its effects with such effects of diclofenac gel in treatment of osteoarthritis. Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was performed on 34 patients referred to rheumatology clinic. Patients were divided into three groups. Effective material of red pepper (Capsanthin), diclofenac gel and ointment base (As placebo) were used in first (9 persons), second (15 persons) and third (10 persons) groups, respectively. Patients were evaluated regarding functional pain, resting pain and swelling of knee joint of baseline before and after two weeks of treatment. The severity of pain and swelling were assessed by Lickert scale from 0 (No pain or swelling) to 4 (Severe pain and swelling). Data were provided by examination and filling in questionnaire. Findings: Compared to baseline values, diclofenac gel or placebo were effective in reducing functional pain and resting pain (P<0.05). Whereas, only pepper ointment was effective on resting pain. No treated groups showed any significant difference in joint swelling. Comparison of each group in efficacy showed that the efficacy of diclofenac and pepper on joint swelling was not more significant that placebo, but diclofenac was significantly more effective than red pepper on functional pain (P<0.02). The efficacy of each treatment group and placebo on resting pain was not significant. Conclusion: The results of this study showed no preference in efficacy of red pepper ointment (Capsanthin) to diclofenac gel or placebo on functional pain and resting pain of knee osteoarthritis.}, Keywords = {Capsanthin, Capsaicin, Osteoarthritis, Pain, Diclofenac}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {12-17}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2756-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2756-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Kamali, N}, title = {Evaluation of total and segmental lumbar lordosis using radiographic interpretation}, abstract ={Background and Objective: With raising knowledge about the spinal biomechanics, the importance and effectiveness of the condition of the sagittal alignment of the spine in its natural function and its disease is emphasized. This study was done to evaluate the total and segmental lumbar lordosis from radiographic film in 100 volunteers aged 20-70 without history of low back pain. Methods: A standing lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine (L1-S) was taken of all subjects. Then, the total and segmental lumbar lordosis from radiographic film were measured by Cobb method. Data were statistically analyzed and P<0.05 was considered significant. Findings: In this study, 54 subjects were male and 46 were female. The average of the total lumbar lordosis (L1-S1) was 54.5° and segmental lumber lordosis were as follows: L1-L2: 4.5°, L2-L3: 8.5°, L3-L4: 10°, L4-L5: 14°, L5-S1: 21°. There was a significant relationship between age with total lumbar lordosis and segmental lordosis (L4-L5) and there was a statistically significant relationship between sex with total lumbar lordosis and segmental lordosis (L3-L4). Conclusion: According to the results, the mean of segmental lumbar lordosis gradually increases with distal progression through the lumbar spine. Approximately two-thirds of total lumbar lordosis are occurred at the bottom of two segments (L4-L5 and L5-S1). The total and segmental lumbar lordosis at L4-L5 significantly decreases with age.}, Keywords = {Lumbar lordosis, Segmental lordosis, Sagittal plan of the spine, Spinogram}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {18-23}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2757-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2757-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Kasaeiyan, AK and Jorsaraei, GH.A and ,AlizadehNavaei, R and FaghanzadehGanji, GH}, title = {Confidence rate of azoospermia in rat vas deferens after injection of Ethanol}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Vasectomy is a current method for birth control. In common technique that used in vasectomy, cutting ends of vas deferens is surgically obliterated. Percutaneous obliterating of vas that due to azoospermia without any surgical incision is much more comfortable and has less side effects. In this study, ethanol as a sclerosing substance was used to induce obliteration. Methods: This study was performed on 36 rats aged 4-5 months. Before cutting of vas deferens at the left side, its proximal part was obliterated under general anesthesia. At the right side, vas was clamped at two points with 10mm from each other and after injecting ethanol (20 units) and whitening of the location, clamps were removed. Findings: Ethanol as a sclerosing substance fixed the area and due to any sperm wasn’t found at the distal part of vas in days of 2, 6 and 9. But after 15th day some sperm were seen at the distal part of vas and 30th day, the amount of sperm in distal vas was almost half of the epididium. Conclusion: Although, ethanol as a sclerosing substance firstly prevented moving of sperm to the distal part by fixing and obstruction of vas but moving of sperm returned to first condition because of repairing and recanalizing of vas. So, using of ethanol can’t induce permanent vas obliteration and azoospermia.}, Keywords = {Vasectomy, Azoospermia, Ethanol, Obstruction}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {24-28}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2758-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2758-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Sam, SH and Karimi, H and PourGhasem, M}, title = {Relationship between birth weight and height of infant and some maternal risk factors}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Fetal growth is a process that influenced by maternal risk factors. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of some factors such as age, occupation and education to health of infants at birth. Methods: This study was performed on 161 infants in Ramsar health center. Data was gathered by checklist and analyzed by statistical methods. Findings: According to the results, the mean of infant’s weight, height and head circumference were 3.28±0.44 kg, 49.3±2.17cm and 35.2±1.74 cm, respectively. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between parity, pregnancy duration, birth problems, mother’s weight gain and birth weight of infant and also between these factors and mother’s age and infant’s height at birth time. Also, there was a significant relationship between data of infant’s weight, height and head circumference at birth (P=0.000). Conclusion: These findings indicated that the role of maternal risk factors should be considered in weight and height of infant at birth.}, Keywords = {Risk factors, Weight, Height}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {29-34}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2759-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2759-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Basirat, Z and HajiAhmadi, M}, title = {Comparison of the frequency of pregnancy complications before and after the age of 35 years old}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Pregnancy at age 35 or older has increased in recent decades. Women over 35 years who postpone childbearing be faced with more special risks. This study was done to compare the pregnancy complications before and after the age of 35 years old. Methods: This study was randomly performed on 200 cases of 20-34 years and 200 cases of 35 years and older in Babol Shahid Yahyanejad hospital during 2000. Frequency of hypertension, diabetes, cesarean section, hospital admission during pregnancy, placenta abruption and previa, congenital malformation and fetal death were compared in both groups. The data were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test. Findings: At the 20-34 age group, hypertension was (4%), low birth weight (10%), macrosomia (4.5%), preterm delivery (4.5%), post term pregnancy (4%), cesarean section (44%), placenta abruption (1.5%), intra uterine fetal death (1%), hospital admission (1%) and diabetes was not seen in this group. At age over 35, hypertension was (7.5%), diabetes (2.5%), low birth weight (10%), macrosomia (11.5%), preterm delivery (12%), post term pregnancy (1.5%), cesarean section (60%), placenta abruption (1%), intra uterine fetal death (2%), hospital admission (2.5%), placenta previa and congenital malformation were not seen in both groups. Conclusion: According to the findings, hypertension, diabetes, cesarean section, macrosomia, preterm delivery in pregnancies at age over 35 years in comparison with those under 35 years was more. There was not a statistically significant difference between two groups in hospital admission, placenta abruption, stillbirth, post term pregnancy and low birth weight.}, Keywords = {Advance age pregnancy, Pregnancy and delivery after 35 years, Old primipara}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {35-39}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2760-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2760-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Nazari, T and ZeinalZadeh, M and EsmaeilZadeh, S and Sayadi, D}, title = {Diagnostic laparoscopy in primary and secondary infertility}, abstract ={Background and Objective: In this study, laparoscopy was evaluated to diagnose infertility. Methods: This study was done on the files of 221 infertile patients who referred to Fatemeh Zahra infertility center in Babol during 1997-2000. Data was gathered from the files of patients and then analyzed. Findings: Seventy seven percent of the women had primary infertility and 23% secondary. The commonest risk factor was abnormal HSG (Hysterosalpingography) that in primary infertility was 44% that was more than secondary infertility (33%). The most abundant abnormal laparoscopic findings, in primary and secondary of infertility were pelvic adhesion 24% and 27% and also unilateral tubal obstruction 17% and 25%, respectively. Also, the report of laparoscopy following the abnormal HSG 27% normal and 73% abnormal (P<0.001). The amount of diagnostic accuracy of HSG as compared with laparoscopy was obtained 67%. Conclusion: According to this study, the commonest agents were pelvic adhesion and tubal obstruction and the commonest risk factor in infertility was the abnormal HSG. Based on the findings, it is suggested that laparoscopy in females who have had primary infertility and normal HSG and who have not any risk factors can be performed later.}, Keywords = {HSG, Primary infertility, Secondary infertility, Laparoscopy, Pelvic adhesion}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {40-44}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2761-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2761-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {ZahedPasha, Y and HassanjaniRoshan, MR and Riahi, HR}, title = {Medical ethics in theses and clinical trials in Babol University of Medical Sciences, 2001}, abstract ={Background and Objective: In the late half of past century, ethics were considered in clinical trials. The researchers are responsible for health and life of participants in all process of research. The aim of this study was to determine the obligation of medical ethics in theses and clinical trials in Babol University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study was conducted on 25 theses and clinical trials in Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2001. Data were gathered by questionnaires and then surveyed. Findings: From total cases only in 16%, ethics were considered. Thirty four percent of participation were informed about research and only 16% had written content. In 28% there was a probability of incidence of serious complication for participants. In 61%, expenditure was paid by participants. Conclusion: Medical ethics were not seriously considered by researchers. Ministry of Health and Medical Education necessitated participation of all researchers in research ethics workshop for promotion of the quality of research ethics.}, Keywords = {Medical ethics, Clinical trial, Research ethics}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {45-51}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2762-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2762-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Mortazavi, Y and Nasiri, E and AlijanPour, E and HajiAhmadi, M}, title = {Variations rate of SPO2 and HR during fasciculation and shivering in general anesthesia}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The variation of SPO2 and HR is a complication that threatens patients under operation and general anesthesia. Continuous monitoring of SPO2 and HR in al stages of anesthesia, especially induction and recovery stages due to early diagnosis of hypoxia. Fasciculation and shivering are also two common complications of general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to determine SPO2 and HR variations during fasciculation and shivering in general anesthesia. Methods: In this study, 100 patients in ASA class I and II aged between 15 to 60 were selected for rapid induction of general anesthesia by using succinylcholine as a muscle relaxant. Premedication and induction of anesthesia were the same according to their weight. In the maintenance of anesthesia, halothane (0.5-1%), O2 (50%) and N2O (50%) were used. SPO2 and HR of patients were measured and recorded at 1st and 3rd minutes after fasciculation and at 1st, 5th and 10th minutes after shivering and then data were compared. Findings: There were some changes in SPO2 and HR in both process that the most changes related to 1st and 3rd minutes after fasciculation and 1st and 5th minutes after shivering. Also, these changes during shivering were more severe that was statistically significant (P=0.000). Conclusion: Results showed that the most decrease in SPO2 and increase in HR were related to the first stage after fasciculation and shivering that these changes can make some problems for patients with heart or pulmonary diseases. So, it is recommended that anesthesiologists should decrease the probable complications in patients under general anesthesia by continuous monitoring of SPO2, HR and necessary treatment.}, Keywords = {Fasciculation, Shivering, General anesthesia, SPO2, Heart rate}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {52-56}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2763-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2763-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Molana, Z and Shahandeh, Z}, title = {Effect of Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Garlic extract on growth inhibition of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Garlic is one of the oldest plants that has been used for prevention and treatment of different diseases. Also, pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most important form of human pathogens that is resistant to many different antibiotics and makes some problems in treatment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of garlic and its extract on pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: The standard strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa was prepared and after providing cloves of garlic with different weights (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 gr) as raw, frozen and cooked and also preparing microbial suspension from samples equal with McFarland solution (0.5), bacteria was cultured on MH agar and cloves of garlic was put on that and then incubated. Garlic extract with different concentrations (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 mg/ml) were affected by Nathan agar well diffusion method. Disk-diffusion method was done for determining the sensitivity and resistance of bacteria. Findings: Garlic extract with 40 and 35 mg/ml concentration had bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on the standard strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, cloves of garlic with different weight cause the growth inhibition of bacteria but cooked cloves had the least effect on bacteria. Conclusion: Garlic extract with 50 mg/ml concentration cause zone of growth inhibition that is equivalent to the disk of gentamicin (10 microgram). Since, cloves of garlic especially frozen one cause to growth inhibition of bacteria, it is recommended to do more researches about the effective concentration of allicin on pathogens and use of soap, cream and ointment for disinfection of wounds.}, Keywords = {Garlic, Garlic extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antibiogram}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {57-62}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2764-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2764-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {GholizadehPasha, A and SavadKoohi, SH and Shafigh, E}, title = {A case report of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disease that caused by mutation of the APC gene and in addition to colon, it can involve stomach and duodenum. Since, the risk of malignancy in FAP is high, early diagnosis and treatment can prevent colorectal cancer. Case: The patient was a 55-year-old man who referred for rectal bleeding and proctalgia from 6 weeks ago. He was examined with anoscope, and rectal mass was observed. In pathological study, rectal adenocarcinoma was reported. B.Enema and total coloscopy were performed for patient and multiple polyps in colorectal were seen. For patient with FAP, total proctocolectomy and permanent ileostomy were performed. There were malignant changes in one sessile polyps with >2.5cm diameter. In colonoscopic examination of patient’s family, 4 of 6 children were with FAP. Conclusion: Although, only 0.5% of all colorectal cancers caused by FAP but early diagnosis and screening in patient’s family can prevent the progress of disease and malignancy.}, Keywords = {Malignancy, Familial adenomatous polyposis, Colon}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {63-66}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2765-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2765-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {AllahTavakoli, M and KhaksariHaddad, M and Assar, Sh}, title = {Comparison of topical application of Mummify and Phenytoin cream on skin wound healing in rat}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Mummify is a semisolid material, which comes out from fissures of caves and contains hydrocarbons, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. This material has a specific position among people of Jiroft town as a healing agent of skin wounds. The objective of this study was to determine the local effect of mummify as a topical application on skin wound healing and its comparison with phenytoin cream. Methods: This experimental study was performed on three groups of male rats. After anesthesing them, 3 square cm diameter skin lesion on the back of each of them was made. Then, the mummify solution (18.3 g/dl) and phenytoin cream (1%) were used locally on mummify and phenytoin groups. The control group did not receive any drug. Surface of the lesion and percentage of wound healing were measured in the days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22 and the time of complete healing was determined. Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of some concentrations of mummify in culture was studied. Findings: The surface of wound among mummify group in comparison to phenytoin and control groups, and also in phenytoin group in comparison to control group in the 4 day was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The surface of wound between mummify and control groups at 10th day and between phenytoin and mummify groups at 13th day had a significant difference (P<0.05). In the day of 10, percentage of wound healing for mummify and phenytoin groups were about 20% and in the day of 13 was 30% more than the control group (P<0.05). The time for complete wound healing in mummify and phenytoin groups were 5.4 and 4.4 days less than the control group, respectively (P<0.05). As well, mummify had a complete inhibitory effect on pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: Mummify solution accelerates skin wound healing and it can be compared with phenytoin cream (1%). Also, it had a complete inhibitory effect on the growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa.}, Keywords = {Mummify, Skin wound, Rat}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {7-13}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2766-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2766-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {EsmailiDuki, MR and ZahedPasha, Y and Mahdavi, A and HajiAhmadi, M}, title = {Comparison of the effect of Hepatitis B vaccination in normal and low birth weight neonates}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Hepatitis B vaccination is one of the effective way to prevent and control this disease. With regard to its importance in children and intervention of different factors in vaccine efficacy, this study was done to determine the role of birth weight in production of anti HBS after routine programming of vaccination in our country. Methods: This analytical study was performed on 120 children under 7 years old who referred Amirkola children hospital during 2000-2001. They were divided into two groups: Low birth weight or ≤2500g0r (Group A) and normal birth weight or more than 2500gr (Group B). Findings: From all studied children, 40 cases were in group A (25 males and 15 females) and 80 cases were in group B (43 males, 35 females and 2 children were excluded). Mean age was almost the same in both groups. In group A, 36 cases (90%) had protective level of Anti-HBS (>10 mIu/ml) and in 4 cases (10%), Anti-HBS levels were less. In group B, the protective levels of Anti-HBS had been produced in all of the children (P=0.012). But, there was not a significant difference between protective levels of Anti-HBS in group A and expected response in children (95%). The mean of Anti-HBS levels in group A was 182.1±45.1 mIu/ml and in group B was 334.7±41.4 mIu/ml (P=0.014). Conclusion: The protective levels of Anti-HBS in low birth weight group were lower than normal birth weight group. Since, there was not a significant difference between this response in LBW and ideal response in children, it is recommended to continue routine vaccination in LBW like normal birth weight infants.}, Keywords = {Vaccination, Hepatitis B, Low birth weight}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {14-18}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2767-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2767-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Nazari, T and ZeinalZadeh, M and EsmaeilZadeh, S}, title = {Induction ovulation with use of low dose HMG in patients with Clomiphene Citrate resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOs)}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the follicular response in induction of ovulation with the of low dose human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) in patients with clomiphene citrate resistant PCOs. Methods: This semi-experimental study was performed on 12 patients with clomiphene citrate resistant PCOs in Fatemeh Zahra infertility center. Induction ovulation was started with 37.5 (IU) of HMG daily and then was increased by 75IU according to follicular response. Patients were exactly monitored by vaginal sonography. Findings: Eight patients showed suitable follicular response to induction, of whom 2 conceived. In 4 patients, their cycles had cancelled because no follicular response was observed in spite of increasing dose to 75IU until midcycle. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) was not observed in any of them. Conclusion: Administration of low dose HMG can be used successfully to stimulate follicular growth in patients with clomiphene citrate resistant PCOs.}, Keywords = {Induction ovulation, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOs), Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG)}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {19-23}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2768-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2768-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {AghajaniDelavar, M and MohammadPour, RA}, title = {Management of the third stage of labor The effect of early and late umbilical cord clamping and injection of Oxytocin}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The third stage of labor is probably the most dangerous stage, due to bleeding threatens mother. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of early and late cord umbilical clamping and injection of oxytocin after delivery on duration of third stage and hemorrhage and prevalence of retained placenta. Methods: This study was done on 260 singleton deliveries. Gestations less than 34 weeks, newborns with low birth weight (Less than 2000gr) and fetal distress and also the Rh-negative mothers were all excluded from the study. Third stage of labor was managed by three methods. Findings: Duration of the third stage in method 1, 2 and 3 were 8.5±1.8, 3.6±1.9 and 4.2±1.9 minutes, respectively, which there was only a significant difference between method 1 and 2 (P<0.05). In method 1, retained placenta was seen in 4 cases (3.5%). In normal 1, 2 and 3, the average of hemorrhage in the third stage and standard deviation was 90.3±126, 72±63 and 54.9±70 ml, respectively which there was a significant difference between method 1 and 3 but there was no significant difference between 1 with 2 and 2 with 3. Conclusion: According to the results, early umbilical cord clamping is not recommended in order to reduce the duration of the third stage and also the amount of hemorrhage.}, Keywords = {Third stage of labor, Early umbilical clamping, Late umbilical clamping, Oxytocin}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {24-27}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2769-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2769-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Heidari, B and Bijani, KH and SavadKoohi, SH and Shafigh, E}, title = {Serum Uric acid level during the acute attacks of Gouty arthritis}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Gout is a condition characterized by acute arthritis and hyperuricemia, but the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the level of serum uric acid (SUA) in acute gout is not known exactly. The present study was performed to determine the frequency of hyperuricemia in patients with gout and to compare the SUA level in acute gouty arthritis with control group. Methods: SUA level during the acute gouty arthritis diagnosed according to clinical criteria was measured by an enzymatic method in the fasting state and compared with age and sex matched controls. The frequency of hyperuricemia (SUA>7 mg/dl) was also determined during the acute gout attack. Findings: 57 patients (50 males, 7 females) and 57 controls (50 males, 7 females) were studied. The mean age of patients and control group were 54±16 years and 56±14 years, respectively. The mean of SUA level in patients was significantly more than controls (8.5±1.8 and 5.3±1 mg/dl respectively, P<0.0001). Hyperuricemia was found in 75.5% of patients during the acute gout attack. In patients without hyperuricemia, the mean of SUA level was 6.4±0.6 mg/dl that was significantly more than controls (P<0.001). Conclusion: Acute gouty arthritis is not always associated with hyperuricemia but the SUA level remains high in the majority of patients during the attacks.}, Keywords = {Gout, Serum uric acid, Acute arthritis}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {28-32}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2770-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2770-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {GhasemPour, M and Nasrollahi, SA}, title = {Prevalence of thumb sucking in children and its effect on dentoalveolar abnormality, Babol, 2001}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The prevalence of thumb sucking is different in various societies according to their socio-economic condition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of this habit and its effect on dentoalveolar abnormality in Babol. Methods: This study was performed on 374 children aged 5-6 years old in public and private kindergarten in Babol. Data was gathered by 2 questionnaires and then they were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test. Findings: Among 374 children, 20.1% had thumb sucking and there was not any significant relationship between boys and girls. Also, overjet (74.7%), open bite (48%), cross bite (54.7%), tongue thrust (56%), and deep and narrow palate (42.7%) were more prevalent in thumb sucker group. Conclusion: With regard to high prevalence of thumb sucking in this community and results of this habit, it seems that giving more information to parents about etiologic factors, how to quit this habit and early treatment can be effective for prevention and limitation of other abnormalities.}, Keywords = {Oral habits, Finger sucking, Thumb}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {33-37}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2771-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2771-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {SavadKoohi, R and Hosseinian, MA}, title = {Blood level of anti-HBS in health care staff of Amirkola Hospital, 2001}, abstract ={Background and Objective: About 3-5% of Iranian general population are carriers of hepatitis B virus and about 15% of infected persons will be prone to chronic hepatitis and get cirrhosis and primary liver carcinoma. Up to now no therapeutic regimen has been introduced to eradicate completely this information. The objective of this study was to evaluate immunity status of health care staff of Amirkola children hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 153 health care personnel of Amirkola children hospital (Babol). At first, a questionnaire included information about the time and number of vaccination was completed. Anti-HBC, Anti-HBS and HBsAg were examined by Radim (ELISA method). Findings: From 150 subjects, 132 (88%) of them were vaccinated against hepatitis B and 18 (12%) had no positive history of vaccination. Also, 6 cases were excluded due to their Anti-HBC positive results. The mean age of studied cases was 28.5±8.3 years. On average, 3.8±2 dosage of vaccine was received by subjects. The time interval after the last vaccination was 3.9±1.98 years. With consideration of Anti-HBS=10 mIu/ml as a cut-off value, 68.6% of subjects were immunized against hepatitis B and the mean titer of Anti-HBS was 263.9±391.3 mIu/ml. Conclusion: According to the results and decreased of immunity in 31.4% of health care personnel who were vaccinated against hepatitis B, it is suggested Anti-HBS titer should be examined 2-3 months after vaccination and Anti-HBS titer in immunized patients be controlled every 5-7 years and then booster vaccine be injected after reducing Anti-HBS titer to below protective level.}, Keywords = {Hepatitis B, Vaccination, Anti-HBS, Health care staff}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {38-42}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2772-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2772-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Basirat, Z and HajiAhmadi, M and AghaeiBaghdadAbadi, J}, title = {Hydatidiform mole and its clinical manifestation and complications, Babol Yahyanejad Hospital, 1996-2000}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Hydatidiform mole characterized by hydropic swelling and proliferation of chronic villi. Its incidence is various in different parts of the world. It is an emergency and high risk state in pregnancy. This study was done to determine the prevalence of hydatidiform mole and its clinical manifestation and complication in patients who referred to us. Methods: This study was performed on 12069 pregnant women who referred to Babol Yahyanejad hospital during 1996-2000. Data of their files was gathered and recorded in a questionnaire and then was arranged for this report. Findings: Forty molar pregnancies were diagnosed. 75% of the cases were 17-30 years old. The most important symptoms were vaginal bleeding (95%), anemia (15%), excessive uterine size (50%), small uterine size (25%), appropriate size (25%), hyperemesis gravidarum (25%), hyperthyroidism (2.5%). Pre-eclampsia and pulmonary emboli were not seen. Conclusion: Considering clinical manifestation and early sonography in pregnancy due to an early diagnosis and reduce its complication and progress of persistent trophoblastic disease, are recommended.}, Keywords = {Hydatidiform mole, Gestational trophoblastic disease, Molar pregnancy}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {43-46}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2773-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2773-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Bahrami, M}, title = {Treatment of intertrochanteric fracture with DHS}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Intertrochanteric fracture, which occurs in intertrochanteric line, is very common among elderly ages with slight and severe trauma. There are several forms of treatment of this fracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of these fractures by DHS in Babol. Methods: This study was conducted on 100 patients (55% male, 45% females) with intertrochanteric fractures referred to the hospitals of Babol town during 1997-2002. The age ranged between 45 to 85 years and patients with fracture of other limbs were excluded. All individuals were operated by DHS and followed up for one year. Findings: 55% and 45% of cases had unstable and stable fractures, respectively. After surgery, complication occurred in 12% of patients, and 30% of cases were died after discharge from the hospital. Eighty-eight of cases were treated by DHS and the results of treatment were satisfactory. This success was equal between sexes. Conclusion: According to the results, this method in treatment of intertrochanteric fracture in comparison to other methods was satisfactory. Therefore, it is suggested all patients with this kind of fracture be treated by DHS.}, Keywords = {Intertrochanteric fracture, Treatment, DHS, Nail penetration of head}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {47-50}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2774-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2774-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Khakzad, M}, title = {Reconstruction of the hypoplastic nasal Alar with an auriculare composite graft}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The congenital anomaly of nose is the one of causes of cosmetic of face and repair of this defect is very difficult. In this article, it was reported a case of congenital hypoplastic nasal Alar with failure in operation two times. Case: A 19-year-old female referred with hypoplastic nasal Alar who had been already operated two times with a failure in repairing this defect. A composite graft from ear with suitable size was inserted in the defect area of nose and it was improved. Conclusion: For repairing this anatomical defect and decreasing failure, this new surgical method is suggested.}, Keywords = {Nasal hypoplasia, Reconstruction, Composite graft, Congenital anomaly of nose}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {51-54}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2775-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2775-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {MotalebNejad, M and Bijani, A and Isapour, R and Ghanbari, M}, title = {Educational status of dental students at clinical course in Babol Medical University attended during 1993-96}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Continuous evaluation of students’ educational status is one of the most important essentials in improving the quality of educational system in universities. This study was performed to determine the educational status of dental students attended during 1993-96. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 104 graduated dental students of Babol university of medical sciences up to 2002. Data was gathered and variables like theoretical and clinical courses and etc analyzed by T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient, and differences at P<0.05 was considered significant. Findings: The results indicated that educational status of four groups of students improved from 1993 to 1996. The highest average scores (15.64) were related to students attended in 1996 and lowest scores (14.92) related to students attended in 1993. Our results also indicated that female and uncommitted students had much better scores in both theoretical and clinical courses than male and committed students. Conclusion: According to the results, there is an improving process in dental students’ educational status due to completion of faculty instructors and establishment of educational environment.}, Keywords = {Dental students, Clinical period, Educational status}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {7-11}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2776-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2776-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {HajiAghajani, S and Ghorbani, R and Jenabi, MS and Saberian, M and RashidiPour, A and Malek, M}, title = {Instructors’ performance, election, duties and responsibilities from students’ points of view in Semnan Medical University, 2001-02}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Universities have a great responsibility for students. So, consultation by instructors would help students to recognize their problems and learn how to solve them. This study was done to survey instructors’ performance, election, duties and responsibilities from students’ points of view. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 275 students. Instructors were chosen for them in schools of medicine, nursing, paramedical, health and rehabilitation (In GP, MSc, BS and AS degrees). Data was gathered by a questionnaire with 45 questions and then analyzed by Chi-square test and P<0.05 was considered significant (13 questions related to instructors duties and students’ expectation of them, 5 were related to demographic, 15 were related to instructors’ performance and 12 were related to electing of the instructors). Findings: From 275 students, 205 were female and 70 were male that 64% of cases personally referred to consultant teachers. There was a meaningful relationship between being eager to see the instructors and gender (P=0.002), 75.1% of consultations have been effective or nearly effective and there was a significant relationship between study level and effectiveness of consultation (P=0.002). 45.2% of consultations have not been effective. Regarding the instructors’ duties and students’ expectation, this research showed that 63.3% of cases believed that the instructors’ interventions in all educational, familial, economic and social fields which affect on students drop out should be considered as the instructors duties. 65% preferred the instructors have direct intervention on the students’ request. Conclusion: According to the results, having the weekly visits with instructors is necessary for each students and a special setting up for removing their problems should be provided.}, Keywords = {Instructors, Student, Consultation}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {12-17}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2778-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2778-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Zarghami, M and GhaffariSaravi, V and Khalilian, AR and Sefidchian, AR}, title = {Factors influencing the specialty field choices of medical school graduates}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Growing national concern about large increase in the number of medical school graduates, specialty choice and availability of the physicians to medical services specially after cultural revolution due to challenges. This study was done to determine the factors influencing the specialty choices of medical graduates. Methods: This study was done on all applicants in specially entrance exam in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences by completing medical school graduation questionnaires. Factors rating also compared in specialty groups and their relationship with demographic variables was surveyed. Findings: Two factors rated as having great influence on specialty choice decision of medical students related to their interest in helping people (Rated 3.07), and scientific content of specialty (Ratted 3). Medical malpractice insurance costs had the influence (Rated 0.98). Most of men aimed towards independence, whereas most of women aimed towards predictable working hours. Opportunity to make changes in people’s life influenced on the specialty choices of usual participants, whereas specific scholarship group paid more attention to independence and exercise of social responsibility. Patients contact factors were less important to graduates opting for support specialties. Also, there was a significant relationship between the participation’s age and four factors. Conclusion: With regard to differences in specialty choices of each sex, it is concluded that the growing proportion of female physicians could change the medical profession structure. In any case, knowing the hierarchy of influences on graduates’ motivations can help education strategists to determine what experiences and perceptions must be changed if a different kind of specialty decision is to result.}, Keywords = {Specialty, Medical school, Mazandaran, Specialty choices}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {18-23}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2777-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2777-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {MahdipourZarea, N and Erteghaei, V and FathiAzar, E and Safaian, R and Fallah, E}, title = {The factors involved in integrating theory and practice in nursing from the nurse teachers and students points of view, Tabriz, 2002}, abstract ={Background and Objective: It is useful to explain viewpoints of nursing teachers and students that have the main role in education process. This study was done to survey the effective factors involved in integrating theory and practice in nursing from viewpoints of nurse teachers and students. Methods: This analytical and descriptive study was performed on all nursing teachers (30) and final term students (44) in the faculty of nursing and midwifery of Tabriz medical university. Data was gathered by questionnaires and then analyzed by Chi-square test and Chouproff correlation coefficient. Findings: The degree of knowledge of nursing teachers, nursing students’ interest in their field of study, staff development in terms of teaching and evaluation along the clinical training were the most effective factors in integrating theory and practice in nursing. In 22.5% of cases, there was a statistically significant correlation and in 77.5% significant correlation was not seen. Conclusion: The findings showed that which kind of factors have been more or less effective in integrating theory and practice in nursing from the viewpoints of nurse teachers and students. It is suggested with paying attention to the degree of the effect of these factors and putting them in performance to decrease the gap between theory and practice in nursing education.}, Keywords = {Nursing, Theory, Practice}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {24-28}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2779-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2779-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Semyari, H and Kamani, GH.R and Zavieh, D}, title = {Rate of achieving educational aims in periodontics and operative departments of Shahed and Tehran University, 2001}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Insufficient education of educational authorities can endanger the human life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dental students’ capabilities in dental affairs. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was performed on all dental students (50 students of Shahed dental faculty and 84 students of Tehran dental faculty) who entered the Shahed and Tehran dental faculties in 1978 and followed a CIPP pattern. Data was gathered by questionnaires and then analyzed by SPSS soft ware. Findings: The results showed that the theoretical education in students of restorative department of Shahed university was about 28% less than favorite (70%) but in those of periodontics department was about 30% less than favorite (70%) and in clinically educations, there was about 12% difference with favorite (20%). The theoretical education in students of restorative department of Tehran university was about 22.5% less than favorite (70%) and in clinically educations was about 32% less than favorite. Conclusion: According to the results, the theoretical education needs to be reconsidered in all educational schedules.}, Keywords = {Dental education, Educational evaluation, Periodontics training, Operative training}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {29-32}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2780-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2780-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Saberian, M and HajiAghajani, S and Ghorbani, R and Malek, M}, title = {Instructors’ point of view about lesson planning, Semnan Medical University, 2002}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Designing and having lesson plan is one of the main points in promotion of education quality. Designing is a process determine the goals and recognize the needs, facilities and limitations which exit. This study was done to determine the university instructors’ viewpoint about designing. Methods: This study was done on 53 instructors of Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Data was gathered by a questionnaire with 8 demographic questions and 24 questions for determining the instructors’ viewpoint. Findings: According to the results, 88% of cases were agreement on written lesson planning. 60.4% used lesson plan in teaching and believed that it is effective in promotion of education quality. But, 49.1% were disagreement to be given the lesson plan to the students. Conclusion: Findings showed that positive attitude to lesson planning causes instructors be interested in giving the lesson plan to students. Also, holding lesson-planning workshop for instructor is necessary.}, Keywords = {Instructors, Lesson planning, Medical teaching}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {33-36}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2781-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2781-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Omidvar, Sh}, title = {Knowledge level and attitude of midwifery and nursing students regarding AIDS, Babol, 2000}, abstract ={Background and Objective: HIV attacks immune cells and causes impairment of immune system and disorder the defense of body against diseases. Since, 90% of infections occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge level and attitude to AIDS among nursing and midwifery students. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was carried out on 150 nursing and midwifery students (From Azad university and State-Run university) who were in second year and higher level courses. Samples were randomly selected and then their knowledge and attitude was determined by the questionnaire. Also, the relationship between the knowledge level with their field, educational year and university were determined by Chi-square test and the relationship between knowledge and attitude was determined by Pearson correlation coefficients. Findings: The results indicated that all students obtained information on AIDS and most of them obtained information only from media (58%) and none of them was very knowledgeable but the most frequency related to good knowledge level. There was a significant relationship between the knowledge level with university and field (P<0.05). But, there was not a significant relationship between the knowledge level and educational year. None of subjects had a positive attitude to AIDS. No significant relationship was found among the attitude and field, educational year and university. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated a direct relationship between the knowledge level and attitude towards AIDS. Conclusion: According to the results, university education had little effect on knowledge level. Concerning AIDS pandemy, it must be given more information to medical students and suggested to consider this information as a lesson course.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Attitude, AIDS}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {37-41}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2782-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2782-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {AshrafPour, M and Beheshti, Z and MolookZadeh, S}, title = {Quality of final examination in students of Babol Medical University, 1999-2000}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Planning of the exams with good quality in educational schedule of university lessons is important. Because the results of examination not only used for judgment about learners function but also is useful to survey effective education, methods and education materials. With regard to great using of MCQ in university centers, it was decided to study the quality of final exam. Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study about 1485 MCQ related to 40 subjects of examination from basic and specific lessons of nursing students in second semester of the year 1999-2000 was surveyed. Findings: The mean difficulty index was 0.7 in over half of questions in all examinations that belonged to easy and very easy category and 11.4% of total questions in level of α=0.05 had meaningful discriminative index. Only 5.9% of tests were really acted as four choice questions but others were as one or two choices. 76.2% exams of the study had negative reliability coefficient and only 23.8% of them had positive reliability coefficient that their amount had been variable from +0.03 to maximum +0.5 for one examination. Conclusion: According to the results, designing final exams was not suitable and exams that used to evaluate the students education outcome had essential and structural errors. This exam does not act as a practical and reliable tool and can not measure actual difference among students.}, Keywords = {Examination, Multiple choice questions, Quality, Difficulty index, Discriminative}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {42-47}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2783-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2783-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Navabi, N and Asri, M}, title = {Practice rate of nursing students about communication with patients, Tonekabon Shahid Rajai Hospital, 2002-03}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Communication with patients paves the way for the nurses to know the patients needs. As the most important role of the nurses is training, their goal is to increase the awareness level of the patients in prevention of diseases. The aim of this study was to survey the practical activities of nursing students in clinical communication with patients. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was performed on the whole nursing students of third semester in Ramsar Fatemeh Zahra nursing and midwifery faculty. Data was gathered with checklist and questionnaires with 15 questions related to the demographic and nursing satisfaction. Findings: Practical activities of nursing students in the communication were medium, with no relation for patient communication. Conclusion: According to the results, it could be suggested that knowledge and nursing satisfaction affects on the patient communication.}, Keywords = {Nursing students, Practice, Patient communication}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {48-51}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2785-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2785-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {GholizadehPasha, R and HassanjaniRoshan, MR}, title = {Knowledge of nurses about using vials and electrolytes, Tehran and Babol Medical Universities, 2002}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Treatment of patients is related to cooperation of medical doctors and administration of medical order notes by nurses. With regard to the importance of usage of vials and electrolytes in medical order, this study was done to evaluate the knowledge of nurses about vials and electrolytes administration. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on nurses of teaching hospitals in Tehran and Babol Medical University in summer of 2002. Data was gathered buy a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions. Findings: From 169 cases, 135 (79.9%) were female and 34 (20.1%) were male. There was not a significant difference in answering to 11 questions about vials and electrolytes among nurses who worked in departments of internal medicine, surgery and emergency. Only knowledge of nurses in internal medicine department about administration of electrolytes in patients with obstruction of pylore was more than those in surgery and emergency departments (P=0.049). The knowledge of nurses about responses to 3 questions was null. Conclusion: Knowledge of nurses about vials and electrolytes is low and unsatisfactory. Revising nursing educations and performing program in continuous nursing education about vials and electrolytes are necessary.}, Keywords = {Nursing, Vials, Electrolytes, Continuous education}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {52-55}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2786-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2786-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Javadian, Y and Miri, M and AlizadehNavaei, R and Karimi, P}, title = {Evaluation of theory teaching from students’ points of view in Babol Medical University, 1st term of 2001-02}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The most common way to evaluate success in accessing the final goals of educational programming is evaluation of instructors by students. This study was done to evaluate the method of theory teaching from students’ points of view in Babol Medical University. Methods: This descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on students (At eight majors) in Babol Medical University in 1st semester of 2001-2002. Data was gathered by questionnaires which their validity and reliability had been confirmed by EDC (Education Development Center) of concerned ministry. At the end of term, 4346 questionnaires were filled in by students. Data was entered to SPSS soft ware and then analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. Findings: The mean ±SD of students’ satisfaction score about teaching theory was 2.95±0.8 (Min: 0 and Max: 4) which this satisfaction score in nursing, radiology, operation room, midwifery, dentistry, laboratory sciences, anesthesia and medical students were 3.26, 2.95, 2.94, 2.94, 2.88, 2.68, 2.66 and 2.66, respectively. In correlation mean of score among all questions, there was a significant difference with Kruskal-Wallis test (P=0.000). Also, it was found a significant difference in Spearman correlation coefficients among all questions (P=0.000). According to student’s viewpoints: To be on time in class (88.7%), coordination between theory and practice (78.3%), priority of teaching the most important subjects (78.6%), using visual aids (62.4%), ability of class management (84.5%) and motivation toward the research (66.2%) were evaluated by students. Conclusion: According to the findings, it is recommended that instructors must consider scientific level of students and teach the most important subjects by using visual aids.}, Keywords = {Theory teaching, Tenure, student}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {56-61}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2787-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2787-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {AghajaniDelavar,, M and Omidvar, Sh}, title = {Quality of education in midwifery graduates of admitted students of Babol Medical University from 1992 to 1997}, abstract ={Background and Objective: In evaluation of educational system in the universities, one of the methods is to study the quality of education status of graduates in different courses during their study. The aim of this study was to determine the educational quality of midwifery students of Babol Medical University. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was performed on 120 midwifery graduates who admitted in Babol Medical University from 1992-97. Data was gathered by archive of the university’s education office. Findings: Quality of education status of students who entered the university from 1992 to 1997 was not satisfactory. Considering demographic status and quality of education, the results showed that the mean score of students under 20 years and single (16.6) in comparison to no dormitory’s students (16.1) was in better condition. There was a significant relationship between dormitory condition of students and their education status (P<0.008). Also, there was a significant relationship between quota that entered the university and quality of education (P<0.000). Conclusion: According to the results, it is recommended to improve admitted students and to provide necessary facilities for education of married students.}, Keywords = {Midwifery graduates, Educational status, Educational degree}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {62-66}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2788-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2788-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {taheri, hassan and kashifard, mehr}, title = {Medical assistants and students knowledge and practice rate regarding documentation of care provided to patients from medical discipline aspect, Semnan Medical University, 2000-01}, abstract ={Background and Objective: One of the factors that a physician can not defend himself in claims is uncompleted medical files of patients. This study was done to evaluate the knowledge and practice rate of medical assistants and students in Semnan Medical University. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was performed to study the knowledge and practice rate of 134 medical assistants and students regarding medical documentation of provided care in 2000-2001. A twelve-section questionnaire and a checklist were used after confirming their validity and reliability. Data was gathered by interviewing with assistants and medical chart review. Findings: The results showed that 60% of assistants did not know legal aspects of documentation, 74.8% of them did not know how to use abbreviations in final diagnosis and surgeries. 85.8% didn’t know duration of confirmation of verbal orders. The relationship between knowledge and educational courses was significant (P<0.05). Only 10% completed the medical chart legally. Most of assistants tended to record clinical data. There was a significant relationship between practice, education course and knowledge (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, the knowledge and practice were weak. Process of clinical education must be evaluated in outpatient and inpatient wards.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Practice, Medical assistants and students, Documentation, Medical discipline}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {67-73}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2789-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2789-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Dehbozorgi, GH.R}, title = {A survey on dropout risk factors among medical students, Shiraz Medical University, 1999}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Dropout of medical students is an important problem in medical education. If not controlled, it will result a low scientific knowledge of physicians in future years. The aim of this study was to determine the dropout risk factors among medical students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on all students who entered the university in 1992-93. The students were classified into two groups according to their university grade average and the number of the conditional terms (Successful group, having an average of over 16 and no conditional term and unsuccessful group, having an average of under 14 and more than one conditional term). From all of 215 studied students, 82 were successful and 53 were unsuccessful. Findings: Grade average of high school, interest in medicine, motivation, and parents’ education level in successful group were higher than unsuccessful group. The interval between getting diploma and entering the university was more than one year in 66% of students is unsuccessful group. Whereas, 85% of the students in successful group were accepted in the university immediately after high school or with one year interval. Over 75.6% of the students in successful group lived in their homes and 71.7% of students in unsuccessful group lived in dormitory. The second job was seen in about 28.3% of the unsuccessful group and only 6% of the successful group. 50.1% of unsuccessful students were married as compared to 18.3% of the successful group. There was no significant relationship between success and presence in class. Conclusion: According to the findings, taking the factors leading to the success of medical students into accounts seems to be necessary. The problem of dropout will persist until a comprehensive and new curriculum is recommended.}, Keywords = {Medical students, Medical education, Dropout}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {74-78}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2790-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2790-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Mooseli, HA}, title = {General physicians attitudes towards ambulatory medicine training, Guilan Health Care Centers, 2002}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Managing of outpatients in private clinics or health care centers is the most important task of general practitioners. Although more attention is now being paid to ambulatory medicine, its training is not only limited to hospital clinics but also is being thought improperly. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of general practitioners towards ambulatory medicine training. Methods: In this cross sectional study, all of 161 general physicians working in the health care centers in Guilan province were interviewed. Data of sex, age, the university they graduated from, the data they graduated in, whether they work in private clinics and their attitudes towards current ambulatory medicine training were collected by questionnaires. Findings: The result showed that 85 (52.8%) of the subjects had a positive attitude towards ambulatory medicine training but no significant relationship was found between their attitude and the data of their graduating, the university they graduated from, sex and working in private clinics. One hundred and thirty-nine (86.3%) believed that university hospitals should not serve as the only training unit where ambulatory medicine is currently taught there, and health care centers and other clinics can be involved for this purpose. Conclusion: This study showed that more of the general physicians believed that ambulatory medicine training programs need major changes and a shift from besides teaching to ambulatory medicine is necessary.}, Keywords = {Ambulatory medicine, General physicians, Health care centers, Attitude}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {79-83}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2791-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2791-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Davoodi, A and NaghshPoor, P}, title = {Determination of reliability, validity and norm of California critical thinking skills test, form B}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the reliability, validity and norm of CCTST F.S. The California critical thinking skills test (CCTST) contains 34 multi-choice questions with a correct answer in the five critical thinking (CT) cognitive skills domain. Methods: This research is a methodological study, which has been performed on 405 BSN nursing students of Tehran medical sciences colleagues that were selected on the base of stratified random sampling method. In order to determine the face and content validity the test was translated and edited by Persian and English language professors and researchers. Also, it was confirmed on the basis of medical education and psychology professor’s judgment. CCTST reliability was determined with internal consistency and use of KR-20. For investigation of construct validity of the test after performed factor analysis, it was also used the internal consistency and group difference. In related to test scores normally on the base of scores frequency distribution tables, scores percentile norm was investigated. Findings: The test reliable coefficient was 0.62%. Factor analysis indicated that CCTST has been formed from 5 factors (Elements) namely: Analysis, evaluation, inference, inductive and deductive reasoning. Internal consistency method showed that all subscales have been high and positive correlation with total test score. Group difference method between nursing and philosophy students (n=50) indicated that there was a significant difference between nursing and philosophy students’ scores (P=0.0001). Scores percentiles norm also showed that percentile of 5, 50, 95 scores related to 6, 11 and 17 raw score, respectively. Conclusion: The results revealed that the questions test is enough reliable as a research tool and correlated with test theoretical structure, and all subscales measured a single construct (Critical thinking) and be able to distinguish the persons with different level’s CT.}, Keywords = {Education, Critical thinking, Reliability, Validity, Normality, CCTST}, volume = {5}, Number = {5}, pages = {84-90}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2792-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2792-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {GhasemiNejad, A and MohammadDavoudi, L}, title = {A comparison between the efficacy of OCPLD with or without GnRH agonist on ovarian response in patients with PCOs}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOs) has been studied for years but the most intriguing issue of PCOs that is causal factors affecting on ovarian function are still unknown. Neuroendocrine drug therapies, which affect on ovarian and adrenal function, are currently used for treating patients with PCOs. Methods: This controlled clinical trial was done on 60 patients with PCOs referred to Mirza Koochak Khan hospital in Tehran during 2000-2001. Hormonal tests and the degree of hirsutism (Freeman-Galloway score) and medium diameter of ovaries were monitored by abdominal sonography at third day of the first menstruation during 6-month treatment. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (Each group 30 persons). First and second groups were treated with OCPLD and OCPLD with GnRH agonist, respectively. Findings: Both therapeutical regimens were effective in reducing androgen levels, Freeman Galloway score and medium ovarian diameters during 6-month treatment. However, this reduction in second group in comparison to first group was significantly more. This reduction of plasma testosterone, androstenedione, LH/FSH, medium diameters of ovaries and hirsutism in second group was significantly more than first group. Conclusion: According to the obtained data, it could be concluded that efficacy of the combined regimen (GnRHagonist+OCPLD) is higher than OCPLD alone in treatment of patients with PCOs.}, Keywords = {Polycystic ovary syndrome, Oral contraceptive, Hirsutism}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {7-11}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2793-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2793-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {MotalebNejad, M and MoghadamNia, AA and Mohammadi, E}, title = {The effect of bioadhesive in reduction of pain and healing time of Aphtha}, abstract ={Background and Objective: On the basis of etiology of aphthous ulcer, there are many factors, which cause this problem such as immunologic and hematologic disorders and emotional stress. For treating this disorder, it is recommended using a steroid drug. This study was performed to investigate one of the natural bases as a bioadhesive dosage form in the management of aphthous ulcer. Methods: In this experimental study, there were two groups. The first twenty persons received bioadhesive without triamcinolone acetonide (As pilot study) for determining the rate of adherence and possibly side effects of the bioadhesive. The second twenty persons as case and control, with history of minor aphthous ulcer were selected and treated in two courses of disease, once with bioadhesive containing drug (Case) and once again without drug (Control). The data were statistically analyzed by using student t-test. Findings: In the pilot study group, duration of adherence on the oral cavity was more than 20 minutes and there were not side effects or undesirable reactions such as bad smell or taste. There was not significant difference in analgesia and healing time course between case and control groups. Healing time in case and control groups after treatment were shorter than before treatment (P<0.000). Conclusion: Using bioadhesive as coating and protective agent may cause reduction of pain and healing time course. Also, triamcinolone in bioadhesive don’t affect on reduction of pain and healing time.}, Keywords = {Oral aphthous ulcer, Bioadhesive, Corticosteroid, Triamcinolone acetonide, Minor aphthous ulcer}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {12-16}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2794-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2794-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Mousavi, S and Asri, M}, title = {Educational requirements of patients with cancer during chemotherapy and radiotherapy for their self-care}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Most of patients with cancer are treated with a combination of therapies on the basis of the kind of tumor, extent of illness and physical condition. Therefore, it is important that patients to know about complications and prevention of any changes in their life in other words about their self-care. This study was done of determine educational needs regarding self-care in patients with cancer referred to private and public clinical centers in Rasht in 2001. Methods: This study was performed on patients with cancer referred to chemotherapy clinics in Rasht. Data was gathered by questionnaires with forty questions related to the care during chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Findings: The knowledge of the patients were 62% and 54% about care during their chemotherapy and radiotherapy, respectively. There was not a significant relationship between educational needs and their age, job and education. Conclusion: The results showed that the patients in any age and job need to education regarding their self-care.}, Keywords = {Self-care, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Cancer}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-20}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2795-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2795-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {HassanjaniRoshan, MR and EsmaeilnejadGanji, SM and HajiAhmadi, M}, title = {Children and adults skeletal complications of Brucellosis}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Skeletal complications are common in brucellosis. Early diagnosis of these complications may prevent surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal complications of brucellosis in Babol town. Methods: This study was conducted on patients with skeletal complications of brucellosis referred to infectious diseases and orthopedic departments during 1998-2001. Skeletal complications and laboratory test results were recorded in questionnaire. Proportions were compared with X² and Fisher exact tests. Findings: From 431 cases, 161 (37.6%) were with skeletal complications (94 [58.4%] were male and 67 [41.6%] were female). Mean age±SD of adults and children were 34±17.6 and 9.5±4.2 years, respectively. Among 127 adult cases, 79 (62%) had peripheral arthritis which in 48 (37.8%) cases was as monoarthritis. Peripheral arthritis was seen in 32 (94%) of 34 cases of children, which in 26 (76.5%) was as monoarthritis. Peripheral arthritis and hip involvement in children were more common than adults (P<0.05), but spondylitis was more common in adult cases (P<0.05). In 14 (8.7%) cases, brucellosis was diagnosed after surgery. Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and positive rheumatoid factor were seen in 80.7% and 15.5% cases, respectively. Conclusion: Since, skeletal complications of brucellosis is similar to septic arthritis and also rheumatologic disorders and monoarthritis are the most common form of these complications therefore, it is recommended that in endemic regions, brucellosis should be considered in differential diagnosis of all cases with monoarthritis.}, Keywords = {Brucellosis, Skeletal complications, Childhood brucellosis, Peripheral arthritis, Spondylitis}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-26}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2796-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2796-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {EsmaeilZadeh,, S and Rezaei, N}, title = {Treatment of infertile women with endometriosis after laparascopic operation}, abstract ={Background and Objective: About 25-50% of women with infertility and 3-10% in reproductive age are with endometriosis. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of endometriosis, stage of endometriosis and planning for treatment base on the stage of endometriosis. Methods: This study carried out on 221 infertile patients after laparoscopy in Babol Fatemeh Zahra center during 1998-2001. Findings: Of these patients, 30 (13.6%) had endometriosis. From these, 63%, 20% and 16.7% were with mild, moderate and severe endometriosis, respectively. The mean age±SD was 5.74±5.13 years. The pregnancy rate with expectant treatment was 23.3%. From these, 16.7%, 3.3% and 3.3% were with mild, moderate and severe endometriosis, respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of endometriosis is related of marital age, parity and genetic factors. Patients with mild endometriosis can be first managed expectantly.}, Keywords = {Laparascopy, Endometriosis, Expectant treatment}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {27-29}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2797-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2797-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Hajian, K and ZeinalZadeh, M and JafariChogani, NM}, title = {The determinants of earlier extraction of IUD in women under rural health care centers, Babol}, abstract ={Background and Objective: In using IUD as an intrauterine device, an important problem is earlier extraction, which reduces the rate of its efficacy. The objective of this study was to explain the determinants of earlier extraction of IUD. Methods: This study was done depending on existing data of 385 files of women who were inserted IUD at 11 rural health care centers in Babol from 1991 to 1997 all studied subjects were followed until the end of 1999. The data about causes of IUD extraction were gathered from the file of family planning and then analyzed statistically by SPSS soft ware. Findings: The results showed that the mean ±SD of duration of IUD using was 36±24 months. Out of 385 women, IUD were extracted earlier than regular time in 263 (62%) subjects. The most common causes of extraction were vaginal bleeding (28.9%), propensity to be pregnant (19.8%) and infection (10.6%). The most discontinuation (26%) and expulsion rates were occurred in the first year of insertion of IUD. Conclusion: According to the results, the rate of discontinuation of IUD was relatively high. Although, the vaginal bleeding and PID are the most causes of its discontinuation, a numerous IUD discontinuation had not any indication of IUD extraction. It indicated that the IUD using candidates should be carefully selected. Thus, it is necessary to provide more educational program for health experts of family planning.}, Keywords = {IUD, Discontinuation, Expulsion, Vaginal bleeding}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {30-35}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2798-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2798-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Bijani, khA and ,Tamaddoni, A and Ghadimi, R and HamzehPour, R}, title = {Evaluation of pulmonary function in patients with Thalassemia major}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The life time of patients with Thalassemia major has been considerably increased in recent years. Long-term complications such as liver and heart complications that caused by hemosiderosis create some problems for these patients. This study was done to evaluate the long-term effects of this disease on lung tissue by pulmonary function test. Methods: This analytical study was performed on 91 normal persons and 100 patients with Thalassemia (Over 5 years old) who referred to Thalassemia research center. Both groups were matched according to their gender and age. After physical examination, ferritin was measured and chest X-ray and spirometry were taken for all persons in both groups. Parameters of pulmonary function test between two groups were compared and P<0.05 was considered as a significant level in test. Findings: Patients with Thalassemia had regular transfusion and 94% of cases received desferral. Spirometric results in 63% of persons in case group and 75.8% in control group were normal. Spirometric dysfunction in case group was as a restrictive pattern (37%) and obstructive pattern was not seen. In control group, 15.4% and 8.8% of persons had restrictive and obstructive patterns, respectively. Also, simultaneous using that due to decrease of desferrioxamine limits the pulmonary function test. Meanwhile pulmonary function abnormality in females was more severe than males (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Restrictive pattern was the most common spirometric dysfunction in patients with Thalassemia. Pulmonary complications of this disease can be reduced by using desferral.}, Keywords = {Thalassemia major, Pulmonary function test, Restrictive pattern, Obstructive pattern, Desferral}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {36-40}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2799-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2799-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Kiakojouri, K and Tavakoli, HR}, title = {A survey on referred otalgia in Shahid Beheshti Clinic, Babol, 1999}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Otalgia is a common compliant of patients at ENT clinic. The main problem in referred otalgia may be in head and neck that is referred to ear because of nervous connections. This study was done to determine the varieties of referred otalgia and its early diagnosis and treatment. Methods: This study was performed on patients with complaint of otalgia who referred to clinic of ENT. The parameters included age, duration of pain onset, quality of pain, result of physical examination, laboratory findings and some useless investigation by previous medical consultants were registered in questionnaire for 143 patients during 1999. Findings: Among 143 patients, 46% were with referred otalgia that 40% were male and 60% were female. The causes of referred otalgia were cervical osteoarthritis (15%), unerupted wisdom teeth (21.2%), carious molar teeth (13.6%) and temporomandibular syndrome (13.6%). Six percent of cases suffered from referred otalgia due to pharyngeal malignancy. Conclusion: The most common cause of referred otalgia was unerupted wisdom teeth. About 45% patients with referred otalgia had dental problems, therefore attention to dental condition is important in physical examination. Since hypopharynx, nasopharynx and oropharynx cancers are one of the etiological factors for referred otalgia, so it is necessary to be more careful in finding the cause of this disease in cases, which there isn’t any pathological otic finding.}, Keywords = {Referred otalgia, Cancer of pharynx, Temporomandibular joint disorder}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-43}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2800-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2800-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Jalali, F and Rezaei, N and Namdar, Z}, title = {Evaluation of cardiac complications in patients with chronic renal failure under hemodialysis, Babol, 1998-2000}, abstract ={Background and Objective: The end stage of many severe renal diseases in chronic renal failure (CRF). These patients have many problems in various organs especially in cardiovascular system. Since, more than one half patients die due to cardiac complications, therefore, these complications must be known and treated by physicians for improving these patients. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was performed on all 103 patients with CRF who were under hemodialysis about two yeas in Babol Shahid Beheshti hospital during 1999-2000. Information related to age, gender, duration of hemodialysis, frequency of hemodialysis in a week, clinical manifestations, lab finding cardiac examination, electrocardiography and color doppler echocardiography were recorded and then analyzed by using SPSS soft were and Chi-square and T-test. Findings: Relative frequency of cardiac complications were as follows: Aortic regurgitation (AR) (19.4%), aortic stenosis (AS) (6.79%), aortic calcification (1.94%), mitral regurgitation (MR) (55.33%), tricuspid regurgitation (12.61%), mitral calcification (3.88%), pericardial effusion (18.44%), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (30.01%), left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) (18.44%). Eighty-four percent of patients with pericardial effusion had severe anemia (Hb<8 mg/dl). 95% of patients with pericardial effusion had serum creatinine less than 8 mg/dl. Conclusion: In this study, it was found a high prevalence of many cardiac problems such as mitral and aortic regurgitation, LVH, LVSD and pericardial effusion in patients with CRF on hemodialysis. The prevalence of MR, AR and AS in cases over 50 years was higher.}, Keywords = {Chronic renal failure (CRF), Hemodialysis, Cardiac complications}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {44-49}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2801-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2801-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Khakzad, M}, title = {Skin cancers in patients referred for plastic surgery}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Skin cancer is one of the most common malignancies in human. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can decrease the mortality and complications of these cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of skin cancers in Babol. Methods: This study was performed on all cases with skin cancers referred to surgery department in Babol medical university. Biopsy of skin lesions were done and sent to pathology department. Data were analyzed by SPSS and the proportions were compared by using X² and Fisher exact tests. Findings: From all of 132 cases, frequency of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were relatively high and the most common sites of involvement were head and face. Eighty-eight (66.6%) of cases were more than 50 years and there was not a significant relationship between the time of the onset of the lesions and diagnosis in all kinds of these cancers. The mean duration of time from the onset of tumor to diagnosis in BCC, SCC and melanoma were 3.7±1.2, 2.96±1.3 and 3.2±1.3 years, respectively. There were not any significant differences between the types of these cancers according to gender (P=0.04), and also between these cancers and relapse (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Since, most of the patients refer with a delay after onset of lesions and with regard to metastasis of some kinds of these cancers, it is necessary to increase the knowledge of people about skin cancers for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.}, Keywords = {Skin cancer, BCC, SCC, Melanoma}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {50-54}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2802-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2802-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {GhobadiNejad, MR}, title = {Antimicrobial multi-resistance Staphylococci and gene transferring in bacteria}, abstract ={The extensive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents (Antibiotics and biocides) in hospitals and environments lead to emergence of new antimicrobial resistance. Selective pressure has an important role in the evolution and acquisition of resistance. The resistant determinants are transferred by various genetic exchange mechanisms, including transduction, transformation, conjugation and phage-mediated conjugation between clinical isolates (Bacilli, Staphylococci, etc) and other sources such as soil, plants and humans. In bacteria, the multi-resistance occurs in one strain and then is transferred to others. It was suggested that the origin of some resistance determinants is older than their clinical introduction. The exchange mechanisms have an important role in the survivals of bacterial spp. The various exchanges and factors played an important individual or combined role between staphylococci and other clinical isolates in the evolution and spread of novel antimicrobial resistance that originated from sources such as soil, plants, animals and humans. The genetic exchange mechanisms, the effective factors, the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance and cause of antimicrobial resistance appearance will be discussed.}, Keywords = {Staphylococci, Multi-resistance, Gene transfer}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-67}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2803-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2803-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Emad, SMH}, title = {A case of Choroidal Osteoma}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Choroidal osteoma is a rare and benign osseous tumor that begins in adolescence age especially in young females and causes to decrease vision permanently in involved eye. Case: A 16-year-old female referred with decreased vision in her right eye. Visual acuity was count finger =3m in her right eye. Examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy revealed a yellow mass with distinct margins in macular area beneath the retina. Echography and fluorescein angiography revealed choroidal osteoma and treatment was not done. Conclusion: Choroidal osteoma should be considered in differential diagnosis of yellow-white macular lesions.}, Keywords = {Choroidal tumor, Echography, Osteoma}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {68-70}, publisher = {Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2804-en.html}, eprint = {http://jbums.org/article-1-2804-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1561-4107}, eissn = {2251-7170}, year = {2003} }