per
Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
8
13
article
The effects of Nicotine on licking behavior induced by Apomorphine in rats
MR Zarrindast
1
M Shecharchi
2
M Rezayat
3
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the possible interaction of nicotine or muscarinic receptor mechanism(s) with the licking behavior induced by apomorphine in rats. Methods: Rats (150-250 g) were treated with saline or different doses of apomorphine and nicotine, mecamylamine, hexamethonium and atropine. Licking was recorded during a period of 60 min dafter injection. One and two-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test were used for data analysis. Difference with P<0.05 between experimental groups at each point was considered statistically significant. Findings: In present study, the dopaminergic receptor agonist apomorphine (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent licking in rats. Nicotine administration (0.025-250 mg/kg) altered the apomorphine-induced licking. The lower doses of nicotinic (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) increased the apomorphine response while the higher dose (250 mg/kg) reduced it. The anti-muscarinic drug atropine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) reduced the effects of apomorphine or nicotine plus apomorphine. The central nicotine receptor antagonist mecamylamine (0.05, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) also reduced the response induced by apomorphine alone or together with nicotine. However, the peripheral nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) reduced the response induced by nicotine plus apomorphine but not that elicited by apomorphine alone. Conclusion: The results indicate that the nicotinic receptor mechanism(s) may interact with apomorphine-induced licking in rats. Although central nicotinic and cholinergic mechanisms may be involved in the licking induce Med by apomorphine, peripheral nicotinic mechanism may be involved in the increased apomorphine effect induced by nicotine.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2935-en.pdf
Nicotine
Apomorphine
Cholinergic
Nicotinic
Antagonists
Licking
Rats
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Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
14
18
article
The relationship between cigarette smoking and oral mucosal lesions
M Motaleb Nejad
1
Objective: Smoking is one of the recent social problems. Oral and pharyngeal mucosa are the first regions exposed to smoke. The main aim of this research was to detect and determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions caused by smoking. Relationship of duration and frequency of smoking to oral mucosal lesions has been studied as well. Methods: In this study, 206 males (104 smokers as case group and 102 nonsmokers as control group) were examined. All subjects were selected from three prisons in the Mazandaran province. The subjects were of the same age and had no systemic problem. All patients were examined for coated and hairy tongue, white keratotic lesions, leukoedema, median rhomboid glossitis, nicotinic stomatitis, pigmentation and red lesions. The obtained data were analyzed. Findings: 97.1% of smokers had at least one lesion in their mouth. The more the duration and frequency of smoking, the more prevalent the oral lesions. Most of the lesions were in gingiva (64.4%). The most prevalent finding was pigmentation (7.7%). All lesions were related to smoking (P<0.05) except hairy tongue and red lesions. Conclusion: All smoking-related mucosal lesions were without premalignant potential. Increased duration and frequency of smoking together with aging caused oral lesions to develop more.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2936-en.pdf
Oral mucosal lesions
Smoking
Nicotine
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Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
19
25
article
The prevalence of G6PD deficiency in the newborns of Babol, 1995
Y ZahedPasha
1
Objective: The G6PD deficiency is the most common enzyme disorder in the human beings. It causes severe jaundice, kern icterus and death in the neonates and sever hemolysis or even death while having beans and some chemical materials in the other ages, so we decided to survey its prevalence in our region by studying on the umbilical cord blood. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study. The samples were gathered by a simple randomized procedure. Enzyme activity was measured with the method of (FST) divided into 3 categories of sufficient (S), deficient (D) and severely deficient (SD). D and SD were considered as the G6PD deficiency. Chi square and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the data and P<0.05 was considered as significant. Findings: From total 2046 neonates, 50.5% were male and 49.5% were female. 12.5% of the boys, 8.4% of the girls and over all, 8.7% of the neonates were G6PD deficient. P value was 0.005 regarding to the correlation of positive familial history with the disease and 0.001 for the positive first line family history. Conclusion: According to the results, the G6PD deficiency is more common in boys than girls and there were some significant differences between the positive familial history with the disease in the boys and at all but not in the girls. Due to the high risk of jaundice in neonates and acute hemolysis in other age groups which are mentioned as a threatening factor for public health, we suggest using the screening umbilical cord blood tests on the neonates, to diagnose the G6PD deficiency, and to increase the primary health care (PHC) quality and public information by teaching.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2937-en.pdf
Neonate
Umbilical cord blood
G6PD deficiency
Screening
Jaundice
per
Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
26
31
article
The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in conservative hemodialysis patients of Mazandaran and Golestan, 1998
B Heidari
1
Objective: Progressive course of diabetic nephropathy (DM), which is an important cause of death among diabetics, ultimately leads to permanent hemodialysis. DN is the most common cause of end-stage renal failure in most countries. Methods: Identification and treatment of DM predisposing factors in hemodialysis patient was done in seven provincial Mazandaran and Golestan dialysis centers of Mazandaran and Golestan, all patients who underwent permanent hemodialysis in 1998 were studied. Etiologic studies in renal failure have been conducted using the patient’s last hospital admission history. The information about diabetes provided by interview, medical examination and completion of questionnaires. Diabetes typing was done using the national diabetes data group criteria. Findings: The results show that 32 of 353 hemodialysis patients of Mazandaran and Golestan (9%) have DM. 26 of the diabetics were type 2 and the others were type 1. The average age of patients and of starting hemodialysis in type 2 diabetes were 57.5±9.4, 54±10.4 years and 38.5±9.5, 35±1 years and in type 1. Conclusion: In comparison with foreign countries the prevalence of DM in Mazandaran and Golestan is lower. The reasons for the difference may be, geographic differences in diabetes prevalence and the predisposing factors of DM, early death of patients with DM before starting hemodialysis or different criteria for choosing and introducing patients for hemodialysis.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2938-en.pdf
Hemodialysis patients
Diabetic nephropathy
Prevalence
per
Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
32
37
article
Determination of the most prevalent reasons for requesting drugs without prescription in Kerman pharmacies
MR Heidari
1
M Karami Nejad
2
M Rezaei Far
3
E Rezaei Dastjerdi
4
Objective: Consumption of drugs without prescriptions arises many problems. In this study the most prevalent reasons for requesting drugs without prescriptions were determined. Methods: This study was performed by a descriptive profile complete for 300 people from the pharmacies in Kerman province. Findings: The answer to the first question of profile “Why do you want a drug without prescription?”, are: I have used this drug before, it was effective, I have the same disease now and I want to buy the same drug in 51% of cases, “I can’t afford the doctor’s visit” in 20.6%, I know what the doctor will prescribe me and I don’t want to pay the doctor in 8.3%, I am a doctor for me in 4.7%, the stence of open markets for drugs in 3.6%, “The doctor will prescribe and drug I ask him to”, in 2.3%, “I am very sick, and I can’t go to the doctor” in 2%, “I am a traveler” in 2%, “Without prescription is easier” in 1.7%, “The pharmacies do not dispense all the prescribed drug by the physician” in 1.7%, “I haven’t brought the prescription” in 0.7% and “What ever the doctor prescribes, the pharmacies give the similar one”, in 0.7% of cases. The frequency of answers to the second question “Why don’t you consult with a doctor are”: “I can’t afford the prescription fees” in 32.4% of cases, “I don’t have time to go to a doctor” in 23.7%, “I know what the doctor prescribes me and so I don’t want to pay the doctor” in 15.7%, “My family doctor has gone on trip” in 6.7%, “It is difficult to consult good doctor because they are busy” in 6.7%, “I am ill in bed and I can’t a doctor” in 5%, “I am a doctor for me” in 4%, “The doctor will prescribe me whatever I ask” in 3%, “I have taken this drug before, it was effective I have the same illness” in 1.6%, “It is more comfortable and easier without prescription” in 1.3% and “Whatever the doctor prescribes the pharmacies give the similar ones” in 0.6% of cases. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is necessary to pay more attention to the various reasons of requesting drug without prescription.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2939-en.pdf
Drug without prescription
Pharmacy
Medicine
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Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
38
41
article
Determination of placenta location in third trimester of pregnancy by ultrasonography
S Esmaeil Zadeh
1
Objective: Placenta is an important organ for communication of mother and fetus, and the main route of nutritional intake and excretion of fetal waste matter. Placenta localization is very important for invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures on the uterus (Amniocentesis, cordecentesis, cesarean section…). Methods: In this study we evaluated 240 pregnant women in third trimester with ultrasonography for localization of placenta in uterus. Patients with a systemic disease or any previous complication of pregnancy were ruled out from this study. Findings: In majority of cases (46%) placenta were localized on the anterior wall, (31%) on the posterior wall and only 17% in the furdes of the uteras (P<0.00001). Conclusion: The results of this study oppose other studies that mostly indicated a fundal localization of placenta. And it is suggested that invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures should meticulously be carried out.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2940-en.pdf
Placenta
Ultrasonography
Third trimester
Localization
per
Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
42
46
article
The comparison of the effects of two Insulin therapy methods on fetal macrosomia due to maternal diabetes
M Faramarzi
1
N Mir Haghjou
2
S Sadri
3
Objective: One of the major side effects of maternal diabetes is that the fetus weights to be more than 4000gr named as macrosomia. A suitable control of the blood sugar can strongly decrease the diabetes complications, such as macrosomia. We tried to compare two insulin therapy methods with regard to macrosomic effects on the fetus in order to suggest the most practical and suitable one. Methods: The subjects were 200 pregnant women below 32 weeks of pregnancy with a blood sugar level over 105 mg/dl before having breakfast. They were divided into two groups, each of which subjected to one of the insulin regulation methods. In the first method, the blood sugar level was measured six times a day, being followed by four different patterns of insulin prescription. In the second method, blood sugar level was measured three times a day, and the prescribed insulin was an integration of 2/3 NPH insulin and 1/3 crystal insulin. Data were collected with using questionnaire before and after labor. Findings: The rate of macrosomia and the average weight in the first group was 7.6%, (3538±588 g) and in the second group was 8.6%, (3563±467 g). There was no meaningful difference between the two groups in terms of the average weight, and other effects of diabetes on mother, fetus, infant and cesarean rate. Conclusion: Therefore, these methods of insulin therapy, in terms of the special macrosomia diabetic effects of diabetes are the same, but in second method, however, is much more advantageous since measuring of the blood sugar level is three rimes less than other one.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2941-en.pdf
Pre-pregnancy diabetes
Macrosomia
Pregnancy side-effects
Insulin
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Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
47
52
article
The evaluation of occupational medicine education in medical schools of Iran, 1998
A Tirgar
1
Objective: In recent years, the education plan based on essential community needs is one of the important views in training of specialists, and medical education is not an exception. As work force and work hours excessively increase in our country like many others, health and medical needs of the workers about which medical students must know are essential for the community. Methods: A descriptive survey designed for assessment of hows and whys of occupational health education in medical schools all over Iran in 1377. We sent a questionnaire to all medical schools, and received 30 completed questionnaires. Findings: According to the findings, 28 out of 30 medical schools have occupational health education programs for medical students. Mean of occupational health education period has been 4.2±3 hours. 12 medical schools had occupational health education programs in theoretical form or workshop. 16 schools had a program of factory visit for their students, 15 medical schools had no training aids. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it seems that there should be a general revision in quality and quantity of occupational health education curriculum in medical schools. It should be indicated that 18 schools have recommended to prolong the period of education and believed that we should have a separate curriculum with special interest in practical aspects.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2942-en.pdf
Occupational health
Education
Community oriented medical
per
Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences
Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences
1561-4107
2251-7170
1999-10
1
4
53
56
article
A case report of Lipoid Proteinosis
S Tirgar Tabari
1
Objective: Lipoid proteinosis is a rare, autosomal recessive disease, characterized by persistent non-inflammatory popular lesions in the skin and mucous membranes. Papules are deposits of hyaline materials, similar to basement membrane substances in different connective tissues. The pathogenesis of disease is still unknown. Treatment is nonspecific and symptomatic. There are few reports of good results after treatment with dimethylsulphoxide and etretinate. Case: This is a case report of a nine-year old girl with typical popular lesions on free margins of the eyelids erosive, crusted and scarring skin lesions and hoarseness were also noted. After treatment with etretinate for 6 months, skin biopsy examination confirmed the diagnosis exosire and crusted, hyperkeratotic lesions disappeared. There were fewer papular lesions on the eyelids that were not so thick as before and hoarseness alleviated.
http://jbums.org/article-1-2943-en.pdf
Lipoid proteinosis
Mucous membranes
Skin lesions